2 Korintus 1:8-10

1:8 For we do not want you to be unaware, brothers and sisters, ¹  regarding the affliction that happened to us in the province of Asia, ²  that we were burdened excessively, beyond our strength, so that we despaired even of living. 1:9 Indeed we felt as if the sentence of death had been passed against us, ³  so that we would not trust in ourselves ⁴  but in God who raises the dead. 1:10 He ⁵  delivered us from so great a risk of death, and he will deliver us. We have set our hope on him ⁶  that ⁷  he will deliver us yet again,

Kisah Para Rasul 14:5

14:5 When both the Gentiles and the Jews (together with their rulers) made ⁸  an attempt to mistreat ⁹  them and stone them, ¹⁰ 

Kisah Para Rasul 14:19

14:19 But Jews came from Antioch ¹¹  and Iconium, ¹²  and after winning ¹³  the crowds over, they stoned ¹⁴  Paul and dragged him out of the city, presuming him to be dead.

Kisah Para Rasul 16:19-24

16:19 But when her owners ¹⁵  saw their hope of profit ¹⁶  was gone, they seized ¹⁷  Paul and Silas and dragged ¹⁸  them into the marketplace before the authorities. 16:20 When ¹⁹  they had brought them ²⁰  before the magistrates, they said, “These men are throwing our city into confusion. ²¹  They are ²²  Jews 16:21 and are advocating ²³  customs that are not lawful for us to accept ²⁴  or practice, ²⁵  since we are ²⁶  Romans.”

16:22 The crowd joined the attack ²⁷  against them, and the magistrates tore the clothes ²⁸  off Paul and Silas ²⁹  and ordered them to be beaten with rods. ³⁰  16:23 After they had beaten them severely, ³¹  they threw them into prison and commanded ³²  the jailer to guard them securely. 16:24 Receiving such orders, he threw them in the inner cell ³³  and fastened their feet in the stocks. ³⁴ 

Kisah Para Rasul 19:23-41

19:23 At ³⁵  that time ³⁶  a great disturbance ³⁷  took place concerning the Way. ³⁸  19:24 For a man named Demetrius, a silversmith who made silver shrines ³⁹  of Artemis, ⁴⁰  brought a great deal ⁴¹  of business ⁴²  to the craftsmen. 19:25 He gathered ⁴³  these ⁴⁴  together, along with the workmen in similar trades, ⁴⁵  and said, “Men, you know that our prosperity ⁴⁶  comes from this business. 19:26 And you see and hear that this Paul has persuaded ⁴⁷  and turned away ⁴⁸  a large crowd, ⁴⁹  not only in Ephesus ⁵⁰  but in practically all of the province of Asia, ⁵¹  by saying ⁵²  that gods made by hands are not gods at all. ⁵³  19:27 There is danger not only that this business of ours will come into disrepute, ⁵⁴  but also that the temple of the great goddess Artemis ⁵⁵  will be regarded as nothing, ⁵⁶  and she whom all the province of Asia ⁵⁷  and the world worship will suffer the loss of her greatness.” ⁵⁸ 

19:28 When ⁵⁹  they heard ⁶⁰  this they became enraged ⁶¹  and began to shout, ⁶²  “Great is Artemis ⁶³  of the Ephesians!” 19:29 The ⁶⁴  city was filled with the uproar, ⁶⁵  and the crowd ⁶⁶  rushed to the theater ⁶⁷  together, ⁶⁸  dragging with them Gaius and Aristarchus, the Macedonians who were Paul’s traveling companions. 19:30 But when Paul wanted to enter the public assembly, ⁶⁹  the disciples would not let him. 19:31 Even some of the provincial authorities ⁷⁰  who were his friends sent ⁷¹  a message ⁷²  to him, urging him not to venture ⁷³  into the theater. 19:32 So then some were shouting one thing, some another, for the assembly was in confusion, and most of them did not know why they had met together. ⁷⁴  19:33 Some of the crowd concluded ⁷⁵  it was about ⁷⁶  Alexander because the Jews had pushed him to the front. ⁷⁷  Alexander, gesturing ⁷⁸  with his hand, was wanting to make a defense ⁷⁹  before the public assembly. ⁸⁰  19:34 But when they recognized ⁸¹  that he was a Jew, they all shouted in unison, ⁸²  “Great is Artemis ⁸³  of the Ephesians!” for about two hours. ⁸⁴  19:35 After the city secretary ⁸⁵  quieted the crowd, he said, “Men of Ephesus, what person ⁸⁶  is there who does not know that the city of the Ephesians is the keeper ⁸⁷  of the temple of the great Artemis ⁸⁸  and of her image that fell from heaven? ⁸⁹  19:36 So because these facts ⁹⁰  are indisputable, ⁹¹  you must keep quiet ⁹²  and not do anything reckless. ⁹³  19:37 For you have brought these men here who are neither temple robbers ⁹⁴  nor blasphemers of our goddess. ⁹⁵  19:38 If then Demetrius and the craftsmen who are with him have a complaint ⁹⁶  against someone, the courts are open ⁹⁷  and there are proconsuls; let them bring charges against one another there. ⁹⁸  19:39 But if you want anything in addition, ⁹⁹  it will have to be settled ¹⁰⁰  in a legal assembly. ¹⁰¹  19:40 For ¹⁰²  we are in danger of being charged with rioting ¹⁰³  today, since there is no cause we can give to explain ¹⁰⁴  this disorderly gathering.” ¹⁰⁵  19:41 After ¹⁰⁶  he had said ¹⁰⁷  this, ¹⁰⁸  he dismissed the assembly. ¹⁰⁹ 

Kisah Para Rasul 19:1

Disciples of John the Baptist at Ephesus

19:1 While ¹¹⁰  Apollos was in Corinth, ¹¹¹  Paul went through the inland ¹¹²  regions ¹¹³  and came to Ephesus. ¹¹⁴  He ¹¹⁵  found some disciples there ¹¹⁶ 

Kolose 1:1

Salutation

1:1 From Paul, ¹¹⁷  an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, and Timothy our brother,

[1:8]  ¹ tn Grk “brothers,” but the Greek word may be used for “brothers and sisters” or “fellow Christians” as here (cf. BDAG 18 s.v. ἀδελφός 1., where considerable nonbiblical evidence for the plural ἀδελφοί [adelfoi] meaning “brothers and sisters” is cited).

[1:8]  ² tn Grk “Asia”; in the NT this always refers to the Roman province of Asia, made up of about one-third of the west and southwest end of modern Asia Minor. Asia lay to the west of the region of Phrygia and Galatia. The words “the province of” are supplied to indicate to the modern reader that this does not refer to the continent of Asia.

[1:9]  ³ tn Grk “we ourselves had the sentence of death within ourselves.” Here ἀπόκριμα (apokrima) is being used figuratively; no actual official verdict had been given, but in light of all the difficulties that Paul and his colleagues had suffered, it seemed to them as though such an official verdict had been rendered against them (L&N 56.26).

[1:9]  ⁴ tn Or “might not put confidence in ourselves.”

[1:10]  ⁵ tn Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative clause “who delivered us…” was made a separate sentence in the translation.

[1:10]  ⁶ tn Grk “deliver us, on whom we have set our hope.”

[1:10]  ⁷ tc Several important witnesses, especially Alexandrian (Ì⁴⁶ B D* 0121 0243 1739 1881 pc Did), lack ὅτι ({oti, “that”) here, while others, most notably Western (D¹ F G 104 630 1505 pc ar b sy^h Or Ambst), lack ἔτι (eti, “yet”). Most mss, including important Alexandrians (א A C D² Ψ 33 Ï f t vg), have the full expression ὅτι καὶ ἔτι ({oti kai eti). Although the predominantly Alexandrian reading has much to commend it, the fact that either ὅτι or ἔτι has been dropped, while the καί has been retained, suggests that the original wording had ὅτι καὶ ἔτι, and that either particle dropped out intentionally for stylistic reasons. (F and G have the order καί ὅτι, suggesting that in their archetype the ἔτι was unintentionally dropped due to homoioteleuton.) If, however, ὅτι is not authentic, v. 10b should be translated “We have set our hope on him, and he will deliver us again.” Overall, a decision is difficult, but preference should be given to ὅτι καὶ ἔτι.

[14:5]  ⁸ tn Grk “So there came about an attempt” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[14:5]  ⁹ tn On this verb see BDAG 1022 s.v. ὑβρίζω.

[14:5]  ¹⁰ tn The direct object “them” is repeated after both verbs in the translation for stylistic reasons, although it occurs only after λιθοβολῆσαι (liqobolhsai) in the Greek text.

[14:19]  ¹¹ sn Antioch was a city in Pisidia about 90 mi (145 km) west northwest of Lystra.

[14:19]  map For location see JP1 E2; JP2 E2; JP3 E2; JP4 E2.

[14:19]  ¹² sn Iconium was a city in Lycaonia about 18 mi (30 km) north of Lystra. Note how Jews from other cities were chasing Paul (2 Cor 11:4-6; Gal 2:4-5; Acts 9:16).

[14:19]  ¹³ tn The participle πείσαντες (peisante") is taken temporally (BDAG 791 s.v. πείθω 1.c).

[14:19]  ¹⁴ tn Grk “stoning Paul they dragged him.” The participle λιθάσαντες (liqasante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[16:19]  ¹⁵ tn Or “masters.”

[16:19]  ¹⁶ tn On this use of ἐργασία (ergasia), see BDAG 390 s.v. 4. It is often the case that destructive practices and commerce are closely tied together.

[16:19]  ¹⁷ tn Grk “was gone, seizing.” The participle ἐπιλαβόμενοι (epilabomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[16:19]  ¹⁸ tn On the term ἕλκω ({elkw) see BDAG 318 s.v. 1.

[16:20]  ¹⁹ tn Grk “And when.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[16:20]  ²⁰ tn Grk “having brought them.” The participle ἐπιλαβόμενοι (epilabomenoi) has been taken temporally. It is also possible in English to translate this participle as a finite verb: “they brought them before the magistrates and said.”

[16:20]  ²¹ tn BDAG 309 s.v. ἐκταράσσω has “agitate, cause trouble to, throw into confusion” for the meaning of this verb.

[16:20]  ²² tn Grk “being Jews, and they are proclaiming.” The participle ὑπάρχοντες (Juparconte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[16:21]  ²³ tn Grk “proclaiming,” but in relation to customs, “advocating” is a closer approximation to the meaning.

[16:21]  ²⁴ tn Or “acknowledge.”

[16:21]  ²⁵ sn Customs that are not lawful for us to accept or practice. Ironically, the charges are similar to those made against Jesus in Luke 23:2, where Jews argued he was “twisting” their customs. The charge has three elements: (1) a racial element (Jewish); (2) a social element (unlawful); and (3) a traditional element (not their customs).

[16:21]  ²⁶ tn Grk “we being Romans.” The participle οὖσιν (ousin) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.

[16:22]  ²⁷ tn L&N 39.50 has “the crowd joined the attack against them” for συνεπέστη (sunepesth) in this verse.

[16:22]  ²⁸ tn Grk “tearing the clothes off them, the magistrates ordered.” The participle περιρήξαντες (perirhxante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. Although it may be possible to understand the aorist active participle περιρήξαντες in a causative sense (“the magistrates caused the clothes to be torn off Paul and Silas”) in the mob scene that was taking place, it is also possible that the magistrates themselves actively participated. This act was done to prepare them for a public flogging (2 Cor 11:25; 1 Thess 2:2).

[16:22]  ²⁹ tn Grk “off them”; the referents (Paul and Silas) have been specified in the translation for clarity.

[16:22]  ³⁰ tn The infinitive ῥαβδίζειν (rJabdizein) means “to beat with rods or sticks” (as opposed to fists or clubs, BDAG 902 s.v. ῥαβδίζω).

[16:23]  ³¹ tn Grk “Having inflicted many blows on them.” The participle ἐπιθέντες (epiqente") has been taken temporally. BDAG 384 s.v. ἐπιτίθημι 1.a.β has “inflict blows upon someone” for this expression, but in this context it is simpler to translate in English as “they had beaten them severely.”

[16:23]  ³² tn Grk “commanding.” The participle παραγγείλαντες (parangeilante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[16:24]  ³³ tn Or “prison.”

[16:24]  ³⁴ tn L&N 6.21 has “stocks” for εἰς τὸ ξύλον (ei" to xulon) here, as does BDAG 685 s.v. ξύλον 2.b. However, it is also possible (as mentioned in L&N 18.12) that this does not mean “stocks” but a block of wood (a log or wooden column) in the prison to which prisoners’ feet were chained or tied. Such a possibility is suggested by v. 26, where the “bonds” (“chains”?) of the prisoners loosened.

[19:23]  ³⁵ tn Grk “There happened at that time.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated. Instead the verb “took place” has been supplied in the translation.

[19:23]  ³⁶ tn BDAG 512 s.v. κατά B.2.a, “in definite indications of time…Of the past: κ. ἐκεῖνον τὸν καιρόν at that time, then…Ac 12:1; 19:23.”

[19:23]  ³⁷ tn Grk “no little disturbance” (an idiom; see BDAG 991 s.v. τάραχος 2).

[19:23]  ³⁸ sn The Way refers to the Christian movement (Christianity).

[19:24]  ³⁹ tn BDAG 665 s.v. ναός 1.a states, “Specif. of temples: of replicas of the temple of Artemis at Ephesus 19:24…but here, near ἱερόν vs. 27…ναός can be understood in the more restricted sense shrine, where the image of the goddess stood.”

[19:24]  ⁴⁰ sn Artemis was the name of a Greek goddess worshiped particularly in Asia Minor, whose temple, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, was located just outside the city of Ephesus.

[19:24]  ⁴¹ tn Grk “brought not a little business” (an idiom).

[19:24]  ⁴² sn A great deal of business. The charge that Christianity brought economic and/or social upheaval was made a number of times in Acts: 16:20-21; 17:6-7; 18:13.

[19:25]  ⁴³ tn Grk “gathering.” The participle συναθροίσας (sunaqroisa") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[19:25]  ⁴⁴ tn Grk “whom”; because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been replaced with a pronoun (“these”) and a new sentence begun in the translation.

[19:25]  ⁴⁵ sn Workmen in similar trades. In effect, Demetrius gathered the Ephesian chamber of commerce together to hear about the threat to their prosperity.

[19:25]  ⁴⁶ tn Another possible meaning is “that this business is an easy way for us to earn a living.”

[19:26]  ⁴⁷ tn Grk “persuading.” The participle πείσας (peisa") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[19:26]  ⁴⁸ tn Or “misled.”

[19:26]  ⁴⁹ tn BDAG 472 s.v. ἱκανός 3.a has “of pers. ὄχλος a large crowd…Ac 11:24, 26; 19:26.”

[19:26]  ⁵⁰ map For location see JP1 D2; JP2 D2; JP3 D2; JP4 D2.

[19:26]  ⁵¹ tn Grk “Asia”; see the note on this word in v. 22.

[19:26]  ⁵² tn The participle λέγων (legwn) has been regarded as indicating instrumentality.

[19:26]  ⁵³ tn The words “at all” are not in the Greek text but are implied.

[19:26]  sn Gods made by hands are not gods at all. Paul preached against paganism’s idolatry. Here is a one-line summary of a speech like that in Acts 17:22-31.

[19:27]  ⁵⁴ tn Or “come under public criticism.” BDAG 101 s.v. ἀπελεγμός has “come into disrepute Ac 19:27.”

[19:27]  ⁵⁵ sn Artemis was the name of a Greek goddess worshiped particularly in Asia Minor, whose temple, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, was located just outside the city of Ephesus.

[19:27]  ⁵⁶ tn BDAG 597 s.v. λογίζομαι 1.b has “εἰς οὐθὲν λογισθῆναι be looked upon as nothing…Ac 19:27.”

[19:27]  ⁵⁷ tn Grk “Asia”; see the note on this word in v. 22.

[19:27]  ⁵⁸ tn Or “her magnificence.” BDAG 488 s.v. καθαιρέω 2.b has “καθαιρεῖσθαι τῆς μεγαλειότητος αὐτῆς suffer the loss of her magnificence Ac 19:27”; L&N 13.38 has “‘and to have her greatness done away with’ Ac 19:27.”

[19:27]  sn Suffer the loss of her greatness. It is important to appreciate that money alone was not the issue, even for the pagan Ephesians. The issue was ultimately the dishonor of their goddess to whom they were devoted in worship. The battle was a “cosmic” one between deities.

[19:28]  ⁵⁹ tn Grk “And when.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[19:28]  ⁶⁰ tn Grk “And hearing.” The participle ἀκούσαντες (akousante") has been taken temporally.

[19:28]  ⁶¹ tn Grk “they became filled with rage” (an idiom). The reaction of the Ephesians here is like that of the Jews earlier, though Luke referred to “zeal” or “jealousy” in the former case (Acts 7:54).

[19:28]  ⁶² tn Grk “and began shouting, saying.” The imperfect verb ἔκραζον (ekrazon) has been translated as an ingressive imperfect. The participle λέγοντες (legontes) is redundant in English and has not been translated.

[19:28]  ⁶³ sn Artemis was a Greek goddess worshiped particularly in Asia Minor, whose temple, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, was located just outside the city of Ephesus.

[19:29]  ⁶⁴ tn Grk “And the.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[19:29]  ⁶⁵ tn L&N 39.43 has “‘the uproar spread throughout the whole city’ (literally ‘the city was filled with uproar’) Ac 19:29.” BDAG 954 s.v. σύγχυσις has “confusion, tumult.”

[19:29]  ⁶⁶ tn Grk “they”; the referent (the crowd) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[19:29]  ⁶⁷ sn To the theater. This location made the event a public spectacle. The Grand Theater in Ephesus (still standing today) stood facing down the main thoroughfare of the city toward the docks. It had a seating capacity of 25,000.

[19:29]  ⁶⁸ tn Grk “to the theater with one accord.”

[19:30]  ⁶⁹ tn Or “enter the crowd.” According to BDAG 223 s.v. δῆμος 2, “in a Hellenistic city, a convocation of citizens called together for the purpose of transacting official business, popular assembly…εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὸν δ. go into the assembly 19:30.”

[19:31]  ⁷⁰ tn Grk “Asiarchs” (high-ranking officials of the province of Asia).

[19:31]  ⁷¹ tn Grk “sending”; the participle πέμψαντες (pemyante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[19:31]  ⁷² tn The words “a message” are not in the Greek text but are implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[19:31]  ⁷³ tn BDAG 242-43 s.v. δίδωμι 11 has “to cause (oneself) to go, go, venture somewhere (cp. our older ‘betake oneself’)…Ac 19:31.” The desire of these sympathetic authorities was surely to protect Paul’s life. The detail indicates how dangerous things had become.

[19:32]  ⁷⁴ tn Or “had assembled.”

[19:33]  ⁷⁵ tn Or “Some of the crowd gave instructions to.”

[19:33]  ⁷⁶ tn The words “it was about” are not in the Greek text but are implied; ᾿Αλέξανδρον (Alexandron) is taken to be an accusative of general reference.

[19:33]  ⁷⁷ tn BDAG 865 s.v. προβάλλω 1 has “to cause to come forward, put forward…τινά someone…push someone forward to speak in the theater…Ac 19:33.”

[19:33]  ⁷⁸ tn Or “motioning.”

[19:33]  ⁷⁹ sn The nature of Alexander’s defense is not clear. It appears he was going to explain, as a Jew, that the problem was not caused by Jews, but by those of “the Way.” However, he never got a chance to speak.

[19:33]  ⁸⁰ tn Or “before the crowd.” According to BDAG 223 s.v. δῆμος 2, “in a Hellenistic city, a convocation of citizens called together for the purpose of transacting official business, popular assembly…ἀπολογεῖσθαι τῷ δ. make a defense before the assembly vs. 33.”

[19:34]  ⁸¹ tn Grk “But recognizing.” The participle ἐπιγνόντες (epignonte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[19:34]  ⁸² tn Grk “[they shouted] with one voice from all of them” (an idiom).

[19:34]  ⁸³ sn Artemis was a Greek goddess worshiped particularly in Asia Minor, whose temple, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, was located just outside the city of Ephesus, 1.25 mi (2 km) northeast of the Grand Theater. Dimensions were 418 ft by 239 ft (125 m by 72 m) for the platform; the temple proper was 377 ft by 180 ft (113 m by 54 m). The roof was supported by 117 columns, each 60 ft (18 m) high by 6 ft (1.8 m) in diameter. The Emperor Justinian of Byzantium later took these columns for use in construction of the Hagia Sophia, where they still exist (in modern day Istanbul).

[19:34]  ⁸⁴ sn They all shouted…for about two hours. The extent of the tumult shows the racial and social tensions of a cosmopolitan city like Ephesus, indicating what the Christians in such locations had to face.

[19:35]  ⁸⁵ tn Or “clerk.” The “scribe” (γραμματεύς, grammateu") was the keeper of the city’s records.

[19:35]  ⁸⁶ tn This is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo").

[19:35]  ⁸⁷ tn See BDAG 670 s.v. νεωκόρος. The city is described as the “warden” or “guardian” of the goddess and her temple.

[19:35]  ⁸⁸ sn Artemis was a Greek goddess worshiped particularly in Asia Minor, whose temple, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, was located just outside the city of Ephesus.

[19:35]  ⁸⁹ tn Or “from the sky” (the same Greek word means both “heaven” and “sky”).

[19:35]  sn The expression fell from heaven adds a note of apologetic about the heavenly origin of the goddess. The city’s identity and well-being was wrapped up with this connection, in their view. Many interpreters view her image that fell from heaven as a stone meteorite regarded as a sacred object.

[19:36]  ⁹⁰ tn Grk “these things.”

[19:36]  ⁹¹ tn The genitive absolute construction with the participle ὄντων (ontwn) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle. On the term translated “indisputable” see BDAG 68-69 s.v. ἀναντίρρητος which has “not to be contradicted, undeniable.”

[19:36]  ⁹² tn Grk “it is necessary that you be quiet.”

[19:36]  ⁹³ tn L&N 88.98 has “pertaining to impetuous and reckless behavior – ‘reckless, impetuous.’…‘so then, you must calm down and not do anything reckless’ Ac 19:36.” The city secretary was asking that order be restored.

[19:37]  ⁹⁴ tn Or perhaps, “desecrators of temples.”

[19:37]  ⁹⁵ sn Nor blasphemers of our goddess. There was no formal crime with which Paul could be charged. He had the right to his religion as long as he did not act physically against the temple. Since no overt act had taken place, the official wanted the community to maintain the status quo on these religious matters. The remarks suggest Paul was innocent of any civil crime.

[19:38]  ⁹⁶ tn BDAG 600 s.v. λόγος 1.a.ε has “ἔχειν πρός τινα λόγον have a complaint against someone…19:38.”

[19:38]  ⁹⁷ tn L&N 56.1 has ‘if Demetrius and his workers have an accusation against someone, the courts are open’ Ac 19:38.”

[19:38]  ⁹⁸ tn The word “there” is not in the Greek text but is implied. The official’s request is that the legal system be respected.

[19:39]  ⁹⁹ tn Or “anything more than this.”

[19:39]  ¹⁰⁰ tn Or “resolved.”

[19:39]  ¹⁰¹ tn Or “in a legal meeting of the citizens.” L&N 30.81 has “ἐν τῇ ἐννόμῳ ἐκκλησίᾳ ἐπιλυθήσεται ‘it will have to be settled in a legal meeting of the citizens’ Ac 19:39.” This meeting took place three times a year.

[19:40]  ¹⁰² tn Grk “For indeed.” The ascensive force of καί (kai) would be awkward to translate here.

[19:40]  ¹⁰³ tn The term translated “rioting” refers to a revolt or uprising (BDAG 940 s.v. στάσις 2, 3). This would threaten Roman rule and invite Roman intervention.

[19:40]  ¹⁰⁴ tn Or “to account for.” Grk “since there is no cause concerning which we can give account concerning this disorderly gathering.” The complexity of the Greek relative clause (“which”) and the multiple prepositions (“concerning”) have been simplified in the translation consistent with contemporary English style.

[19:40]  ¹⁰⁵ tn Or “commotion.” BDAG 979 s.v. συστροφή 1 gives the meaning “a tumultuous gathering of people, disorderly/seditious gathering or commotion…Ac 19:40.”

[19:41]  ¹⁰⁶ tn Grk “And after.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[19:41]  ¹⁰⁷ tn Grk “And saying.” The participle εἰπών (eipwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[19:41]  ¹⁰⁸ tn Grk “these things.”

[19:41]  ¹⁰⁹ sn Verse 41 in the English text is included as part of verse 40 in the standard critical editions of the Greek NT.

[19:1]  ¹¹⁰ tn Grk “It happened that while.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[19:1]  ¹¹¹ map For location see JP1 C2; JP2 C2; JP3 C2; JP4 C2.

[19:1]  ¹¹² tn Or “interior.”

[19:1]  ¹¹³ tn BDAG 92 s.v. ἀνωτερικός has “upper τὰ ἀ. μέρη the upper (i.e. inland) country, the interior Ac 19:1.”

[19:1]  ¹¹⁴ map For location see JP1 D2; JP2 D2; JP3 D2; JP4 D2.

[19:1]  ¹¹⁵ tn Grk “and found.” Because of the length of the Greek sentence and the sequencing with the following verse the conjunction καί (kai) has not been translated here. Instead a new English sentence is begun.

[19:1]  ¹¹⁶ tn The word “there” is not in the Greek text but is implied.

[1:1]  ¹¹⁷ tn Grk “Paul.” The word “from” is not in the Greek text, but has been supplied to indicate the sender of the letter.