Imamat 26:14-46
Konteks26:14 “‘If, however, 1 you do not obey me and keep 2 all these commandments – 26:15 if you reject my statutes and abhor my regulations so that you do not keep 3 all my commandments and you break my covenant – 26:16 I for my part 4 will do this to you: I will inflict horror on you, consumption and fever, which diminish eyesight and drain away the vitality of life. 5 You will sow your seed in vain because 6 your enemies will eat it. 7 26:17 I will set my face against you. You will be struck down before your enemies, those who hate you will rule over you, and you will flee when there is no one pursuing you.
26:18 “‘If, in spite of all these things, 8 you do not obey me, I will discipline you seven times more on account of your sins. 9 26:19 I will break your strong pride and make your sky like iron and your land like bronze. 26:20 Your strength will be used up in vain, your land will not give its yield, and the trees of the land 10 will not produce their fruit.
26:21 “‘If you walk in hostility against me 11 and are not willing to obey me, I will increase your affliction 12 seven times according to your sins. 26:22 I will send the wild animals 13 against you and they will bereave you of your children, 14 annihilate your cattle, and diminish your population 15 so that your roads will become deserted.
26:23 “‘If in spite of these things 16 you do not allow yourselves to be disciplined and you walk in hostility against me, 17 26:24 I myself will also walk in hostility against you and strike you 18 seven times on account of your sins. 26:25 I will bring on you an avenging sword, a covenant vengeance. 19 Although 20 you will gather together into your cities, I will send pestilence among you and you will be given into enemy hands. 21 26:26 When I break off your supply of bread, 22 ten women will bake your bread in one oven; they will ration your bread by weight, 23 and you will eat and not be satisfied.
26:27 “‘If in spite of this 24 you do not obey me but walk in hostility against me, 25 26:28 I will walk in hostile rage against you 26 and I myself will also discipline you seven times on account of your sins. 26:29 You will eat the flesh of your sons and the flesh of your daughters. 27 26:30 I will destroy your high places and cut down your incense altars, 28 and I will stack your dead bodies on top of the lifeless bodies of your idols. 29 I will abhor you. 30 26:31 I will lay your cities waste 31 and make your sanctuaries desolate, and I will refuse to smell your soothing aromas. 26:32 I myself will make the land desolate and your enemies who live in it will be appalled. 26:33 I will scatter you among the nations and unsheathe the sword 32 after you, so your land will become desolate and your cities will become a waste.
26:34 “‘Then the land will make up for 33 its Sabbaths all the days it lies desolate while you are in the land of your enemies; then the land will rest and make up its Sabbaths. 26:35 All the days of the desolation it will have the rest it did not have 34 on your Sabbaths when you lived on it.
26:36 “‘As for 35 the ones who remain among you, I will bring despair into their hearts in the lands of their enemies. The sound of a blowing leaf will pursue them, and they will flee as one who flees the sword and fall down even though there is no pursuer. 26:37 They will stumble over each other as those who flee before a sword, though 36 there is no pursuer, and there will be no one to take a stand 37 for you before your enemies. 26:38 You will perish among the nations; the land of your enemies will consume you.
26:39 “‘As for the ones who remain among you, they will rot away because of 38 their iniquity in the lands of your enemies, and they will also rot away because of their ancestors’ 39 iniquities which are with them. 26:40 However, when 40 they confess their iniquity and their ancestors’ iniquity which they committed by trespassing against me, 41 by which they also walked 42 in hostility against me 43 26:41 (and I myself will walk in hostility against them and bring them into the land of their enemies), and 44 then their uncircumcised hearts become humbled and they make up for 45 their iniquity, 26:42 I will remember my covenant with Jacob and also my covenant with Isaac and also my covenant with Abraham, 46 and I will remember the land. 26:43 The land will be abandoned by them 47 in order that it may make up for 48 its Sabbaths while it is made desolate 49 without them, 50 and they will make up for their iniquity because 51 they have rejected my regulations and have abhorred 52 my statutes. 26:44 In spite of this, however, when they are in the land of their enemies I will not reject them and abhor them to make a complete end of them, to break my covenant with them, for I am the Lord their God. 26:45 I will remember for them the covenant with their ancestors 53 whom I brought out from the land of Egypt in the sight of the nations to be their God. I am the Lord.’”
26:46 These are the statutes, regulations, and instructions which the Lord established 54 between himself and the Israelites at Mount Sinai through 55 Moses.
Ulangan 28:15
Konteks28:15 “But if you ignore 56 the Lord your God and are not careful to keep all his commandments and statutes I am giving you today, then all these curses will come upon you in full force: 57
Ulangan 29:18-28
Konteks29:18 Beware that the heart of no man, woman, clan, or tribe among you turns away from the Lord our God today to pursue and serve the gods of those nations; beware that there is among you no root producing poisonous and bitter fruit. 58 29:19 When such a person 59 hears the words of this oath he secretly 60 blesses himself 61 and says, “I will have peace though I continue to walk with a stubborn spirit.” 62 This will destroy 63 the watered ground with the parched. 64 29:20 The Lord will be unwilling to forgive him, and his intense anger 65 will rage 66 against that man; all the curses 67 written in this scroll will fall upon him 68 and the Lord will obliterate his name from memory. 69 29:21 The Lord will single him out 70 for judgment 71 from all the tribes of Israel according to all the curses of the covenant written in this scroll of the law. 29:22 The generation to come – your descendants who will rise up after you, as well as the foreigner who will come from distant places – will see 72 the afflictions of that land and the illnesses that the Lord has brought on it. 29:23 The whole land will be covered with brimstone, salt, and burning debris; it will not be planted nor will it sprout or produce grass. It will resemble the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim, which the Lord destroyed in his intense anger. 73 29:24 Then all the nations will ask, “Why has the Lord done all this to this land? What is this fierce, heated display of anger 74 all about?” 29:25 Then people will say, “Because they abandoned the covenant of the Lord, the God of their ancestors, which he made with them when he brought them out of the land of Egypt. 29:26 They went and served other gods and worshiped them, gods they did not know and that he did not permit them to worship. 75 29:27 That is why the Lord’s anger erupted against this land, bringing on it all the curses 76 written in this scroll. 29:28 So the Lord has uprooted them from their land in anger, wrath, and great rage and has deported them to another land, as is clear today.”
Ulangan 30:17-19
Konteks30:17 However, if you 77 turn aside and do not obey, but are lured away to worship and serve other gods, 30:18 I declare to you this very day that you will certainly 78 perish! You will not extend your time in the land you are crossing the Jordan to possess. 79 30:19 Today I invoke heaven and earth as a witness against you that I have set life and death, blessing and curse, before you. Therefore choose life so that you and your descendants may live!
Ulangan 31:16-22
Konteks31:16 Then the Lord said to Moses, “You are about to die, 80 and then these people will begin to prostitute themselves with the foreign gods of the land into which they 81 are going. They 82 will reject 83 me and break my covenant that I have made with them. 84 31:17 At that time 85 my anger will erupt against them 86 and I will abandon them and hide my face from them until they are devoured. Many disasters and distresses will overcome 87 them 88 so that they 89 will say at that time, ‘Have not these disasters 90 overcome us 91 because our 92 God is not among us 93 ?’ 31:18 But I will certainly 94 hide myself at that time because of all the wickedness they 95 will have done by turning to other gods. 31:19 Now write down for yourselves the following song and teach it to the Israelites. Put it into their very mouths so that this song may serve as my witness against the Israelites! 31:20 For after I have brought them 96 to the land I promised to their 97 ancestors – one flowing with milk and honey – and they 98 eat their fill 99 and become fat, then they 100 will turn to other gods and worship them; they will reject me and break my covenant. 31:21 Then when 101 many disasters and distresses overcome them 102 this song will testify against them, 103 for their 104 descendants will not forget it. 105 I know the 106 intentions they have in mind 107 today, even before I bring them 108 to the land I have promised.” 31:22 So on that day Moses wrote down this song and taught it to the Israelites,
Ulangan 32:15-25
Konteks32:15 But Jeshurun 109 became fat and kicked,
you 110 got fat, thick, and stuffed!
Then he deserted the God who made him,
and treated the Rock who saved him with contempt.
32:16 They made him jealous with other gods, 111
they enraged him with abhorrent idols. 112
32:17 They sacrificed to demons, not God,
to gods they had not known;
to new gods who had recently come along,
gods your ancestors 113 had not known about.
32:18 You have forgotten 114 the Rock who fathered you,
and put out of mind the God who gave you birth.
32:19 But the Lord took note and despised them
because his sons and daughters enraged him.
32:20 He said, “I will reject them, 115
I will see what will happen to them;
for they are a perverse generation,
children 116 who show no loyalty.
32:21 They have made me jealous 117 with false gods, 118
enraging me with their worthless gods; 119
so I will make them jealous with a people they do not recognize, 120
with a nation slow to learn 121 I will enrage them.
32:22 For a fire has been kindled by my anger,
and it burns to lowest Sheol; 122
it consumes the earth and its produce,
and ignites the foundations of the mountains.
32:23 I will increase their 123 disasters,
I will use up my arrows on them.
32:24 They will be starved by famine,
eaten by plague, and bitterly stung; 124
I will send the teeth of wild animals against them,
along with the poison of creatures that crawl in the dust.
32:25 The sword will make people childless outside,
and terror will do so inside;
they will destroy 125 both the young man and the virgin,
the infant and the gray-haired man.
Roma 1:18
Konteks1:18 For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of people 126 who suppress the truth by their 127 unrighteousness, 128
Roma 2:8-12
Konteks2:8 but 129 wrath and anger to those who live in selfish ambition 130 and do not obey the truth but follow 131 unrighteousness. 2:9 There will be 132 affliction and distress on everyone 133 who does evil, on the Jew first and also the Greek, 134 2:10 but 135 glory and honor and peace for everyone who does good, for the Jew first and also the Greek. 2:11 For there is no partiality with God. 2:12 For all who have sinned apart from the law 136 will also perish apart from the law, and all who have sinned under the law will be judged by the law.
Roma 4:15
Konteks4:15 For the law brings wrath, because where there is no law there is no transgression 137 either.
[26:14] 2 tn Heb “and do not do.”
[26:16] 4 tn Or “I also” (see HALOT 76 s.v. אַף 6.b).
[26:16] 5 tn Heb “soul.” These expressions may refer either to the physical effects of consumption and fever as the rendering in the text suggests (e.g., J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 452, 454, “diminishing eyesight and loss of appetite”), or perhaps the more psychological effects, “which exhausts the eyes” because of anxious hope “and causes depression” (Heb “causes soul [נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh] to pine away”), e.g., B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 185.
[26:16] 6 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have causal force here.
[26:16] 7 tn That is, “your enemies will eat” the produce that grows from the sown seed.
[26:18] 8 tn Heb “And if until these.”
[26:18] 9 tn Heb “I will add to discipline you seven [times] on your sins.”
[26:20] 10 tn Heb “the tree of the land will not give its fruit.” The collective singular has been translated as a plural. Tg. Onq., some medieval Hebrew
[26:21] 11 tn Heb “hostile with me,” but see the added preposition בְּ (bet) on the phrase “in hostility” in v. 24 and 27.
[26:21] 12 tn Heb “your blow, stroke”; cf. TEV “punishment”; NLT “I will inflict you with seven more disasters.”
[26:22] 13 tn Heb “the animal of the field.” This collective singular has been translated as a plural. The expression “animal of the field” refers to a wild (i.e., nondomesticated) animal.
[26:22] 14 tn The words “of your children” are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied.
[26:22] 15 tn Heb “and diminish you.”
[26:23] 16 tn Heb “And if in these.”
[26:23] 17 tn Heb “with me,” but see the added preposition בְּ (bet) on the phrase “in hostility” in vv. 24 and 27.
[26:24] 18 tn Heb “and I myself will also strike you.”
[26:25] 19 tn Heb “vengeance of covenant”; cf. NAB “the avenger of my covenant.”
[26:25] 20 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) has a concessive force in this context.
[26:25] 21 tn Heb “in hand of enemy,” but Tg. Ps.-J. and Tg. Neof. have “in the hands of your enemies” (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 454).
[26:26] 22 tn Heb “When I break to you staff of bread” (KJV, ASV, and NASB all similar).
[26:26] 23 tn Heb “they will return your bread in weight.”
[26:27] 24 tn Heb “And if in this.”
[26:28] 26 tn Heb “in rage of hostility with you”; NASB “with wrathful hostility”; NRSV “I will continue hostile to you in fury”; CEV “I’ll get really furious.”
[26:29] 27 tn Heb “and the flesh of your daughters you will eat.” The phrase “you will eat” has not been repeated in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[26:30] 28 sn Regarding these cultic installations, see the remarks in B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 188, and R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:903. The term rendered “incense altars” might better be rendered “sanctuaries [of foreign deities]” or “stelae.”
[26:30] 29 tn The translation reflects the Hebrew wordplay “your corpses…the corpses of your idols.” Since idols, being lifeless, do not really have “corpses,” the translation uses “dead bodies” for people and “lifeless bodies” for the idols.
[26:30] 30 tn Heb “and my soul will abhor you.”
[26:31] 31 tn Heb “And I will give your cities a waste”; NLT “make your cities desolate.”
[26:33] 32 tn Heb “and I will empty sword” (see HALOT 1228 s.v. ריק 3).
[26:34] 33 tn There are two Hebrew roots רָצָה (ratsah), one meaning “to be pleased with; to take pleasure” (HALOT 1280-81 s.v. רצה; cf. “enjoy” in NASB, NIV, NRSV, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 452), and the other meaning “to restore” (HALOT 1281-82 s.v. II רצה; cf. NAB “retrieve” and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 189).
[26:35] 34 tn Heb “it shall rest which it did not rest.”
[26:37] 36 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) is used in a concessive sense here.
[26:37] 37 tn The term rendered “to stand up” is a noun, not an infinitive. It occurs only here and appears to designate someone who would take a powerful stand for them against their enemies.
[26:39] 38 tn Heb “in” (so KJV, ASV; also later in this verse).
[26:39] 39 tn Heb “fathers’” (also in the following verse).
[26:40] 40 tn Heb “And.” Many English versions take this to be a conditional clause (“if…”) though there is no conditional particle (see, e.g., NASB, NIV, NRSV; but see the very different rendering in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 190). The temporal translation offered here (“when”) takes into account the particle אָז (’az, “then”), which occurs twice in v. 41. The obvious contextual contrast between vv. 39 and 40 is expressed by “however” in the translation.
[26:40] 41 tn Heb “in their trespassing which they trespassed in me.” See the note on Lev 5:15, although the term is used in a more technical sense there in relation to the “guilt offering.”
[26:40] 42 tn Heb “and also which they walked.”
[26:41] 44 tn Heb “or then,” although the LXX has “then” and the Syriac “and then.”
[26:41] 45 tn Heb “and then they make up for.” On the verb “make up for” see the note on v. 34 above.
[26:42] 46 tn Heb “my covenant with Abraham I will remember.” The phrase “I will remember” has not been repeated in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[26:43] 47 tn Heb “from them.” The preposition “from” refers here to the agent of the action (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 455).
[26:43] 48 tn The jussive form of the verb with the simple vav (ו) here calls for a translation that expresses purpose.
[26:43] 49 tn The verb is the Hophal infinitive construct with the third feminine singular suffix (GKC 182 §67.y; cf. v. 34).
[26:43] 50 tn Heb “from them.”
[26:43] 51 tn Heb “because and in because,” a double expression, which is used only here and in Ezek 13:10 (without the vav) for emphasis (GKC 492 §158.b).
[26:43] 52 tn Heb “and their soul has abhorred.”
[26:45] 53 tn Heb “covenant of former ones.”
[26:45] sn For similar expressions referring back to the ancestors who refused to follow the stipulations of the Mosaic covenant see, for example, Deut 19:14, Jer 11:10, and Ps 79:8 (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 192, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 471).
[26:46] 54 tn Heb “gave” (so NLT); KJV, ASV, NCV “made.”
[26:46] 55 tn Heb “by the hand of” (so KJV).
[28:15] 56 tn Heb “do not hear the voice of.”
[28:15] 57 tn Heb “and overtake you” (so NIV, NRSV); NAB, NLT “and overwhelm you.”
[29:18] 58 tn Heb “yielding fruit poisonous and wormwood.” The Hebrew noun לַעֲנָה (la’anah) literally means “wormwood” (so KJV, ASV, NAB, NASB), but is used figuratively for anything extremely bitter, thus here “fruit poisonous and bitter.”
[29:19] 59 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the subject of the warning in v. 18) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[29:19] 60 tn Heb “in his heart.”
[29:19] 61 tn Or “invokes a blessing on himself.” A formalized word of blessing is in view, the content of which appears later in the verse.
[29:19] 63 tn Heb “thus destroying.” For stylistic reasons the translation begins a new sentence here.
[29:19] 64 tn Heb “the watered with the parched.” The word “ground” is implied. The exact meaning of the phrase is uncertain although it appears to be figurative. This appears to be a proverbial observation employing a figure of speech (a merism) suggesting totality. That is, the Israelite who violates the letter and even spirit of the covenant will harm not only himself but everything he touches – “the watered and the parched.” Cf. CEV “you will cause the rest of Israel to be punished along with you.”
[29:20] 65 tn Heb “the wrath of the
[29:20] 66 tn Heb “smoke,” or “smolder.”
[29:20] 67 tn Heb “the entire oath.”
[29:20] 68 tn Or “will lie in wait against him.”
[29:20] 69 tn Heb “blot out his name from under the sky.”
[29:21] 70 tn Heb “set him apart.”
[29:21] 71 tn Heb “for evil”; NAB “for doom”; NASB “for adversity”; NIV “for disaster”; NRSV “for calamity.”
[29:22] 72 tn Heb “will say and see.” One expects a quotation to appear, but it seems to be omitted. To avoid confusion in the translation, the verb “will say” is omitted.
[29:23] 73 tn Heb “the anger and the wrath.” This construction is a hendiadys intended to intensify the emotion.
[29:24] 74 tn Heb “this great burning of anger”; KJV “the heat of this great anger.”
[29:26] 75 tn Heb “did not assign to them”; NASB, NRSV “had not allotted to them.”
[29:27] 76 tn Heb “the entire curse.”
[30:17] 77 tn Heb “your heart,” as a metonymy for the person.
[30:18] 78 tn The Hebrew text uses the infinitive absolute for emphasis, which the translation indicates with “certainly.”
[30:18] 79 tn Heb “to go there to possess it.”
[31:16] 80 tn Heb “lie down with your fathers” (so NASB); NRSV “ancestors.”
[31:16] 81 tn Heb “he.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “they,” which is necessary in any case in the translation because of contemporary English style. The third person singular also occurs in the Hebrew text twice more in this verse, three times in v. 17, once in v. 18, five times in v. 20, and four times in v. 21. Each time it is translated as third person plural for stylistic reasons.
[31:16] 82 tn Heb “he.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “they.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[31:16] 83 tn Or “abandon” (TEV, NLT).
[31:16] 84 tn Heb “him.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “them.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[31:17] 85 tn Heb “on that day.” This same expression also appears later in the verse and in v. 18.
[31:17] 86 tn Heb “him.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “them.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[31:17] 87 tn Heb “find,” “encounter.”
[31:17] 88 tn Heb “him.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “them.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[31:17] 89 tn Heb “he.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “they.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[31:17] 91 tn Heb “me.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “us,” which is necessary in any case in the translation because of contemporary English style.
[31:17] 93 tn Heb “me.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “us,” which is necessary in any case in the translation because of contemporary English style.
[31:18] 94 tn The Hebrew text uses the infinitive absolute for emphasis, which the translation indicates with “certainly.”
[31:18] 95 tn Heb “he.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “they.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[31:20] 96 tn Heb “him.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “them.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[31:20] 97 tn Heb “his.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “their.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[31:20] 98 tn Heb “he.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “they.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[31:20] 99 tn Heb “and are satisfied.”
[31:20] 100 tn Heb “he.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “they.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[31:21] 101 tn Heb “Then it will come to pass that.”
[31:21] 102 tn Heb “him.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “them.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[31:21] 103 tn Heb “him.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “them.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[31:21] 104 tn Heb “his.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “their.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[31:21] 105 tn Heb “it will not be forgotten from the mouth of his seed.”
[31:21] 106 tn Heb “his.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “their.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[31:21] 107 tn Heb “which he is doing.”
[31:21] 108 tn Heb “him.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “them.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.
[32:15] 109 tn To make the continuity of the referent clear, some English versions substitute “Jacob” here (NAB, NRSV) while others replace “Jeshurun” with “Israel” (NCV, CEV, NLT) or “the Lord’s people” (TEV).
[32:15] sn Jeshurun is a term of affection derived from the Hebrew verb יָשַׁר (yashar, “be upright”). Here it speaks of Israel “in an ideal situation, with its ‘uprightness’ due more to God’s help than his own efforts” (M. Mulder, TDOT 6:475).
[32:15] 110 tc The LXX reads the third person masculine singular (“he”) for the MT second person masculine singular (“you”), but such alterations are unnecessary in Hebrew poetic texts where subjects fluctuate frequently and without warning.
[32:16] 111 tc Heb “with strange (things).” The Vulgate actually supplies diis (“gods”).
[32:16] 112 tn Heb “abhorrent (things)” (cf. NRSV). A number of English versions understand this as referring to “idols” (NAB, NIV, NCV, CEV), while NLT supplies “acts.”
[32:17] 113 tn Heb “your fathers.”
[32:18] 114 tc The Hebrew text is corrupt here; the translation follows the suggestion offered in HALOT 1477 s.v. שׁיה. Cf. NASB, NLT “You neglected”; NIV “You deserted”; NRSV “You were unmindful of.”
[32:20] 115 tn Heb “I will hide my face from them.”
[32:20] 116 tn Heb “sons” (so NAB, NASB); TEV “unfaithful people.”
[32:21] 117 sn They have made me jealous. The “jealousy” of God is not a spirit of pettiness prompted by his insecurity, but righteous indignation caused by the disloyalty of his people to his covenant grace (see note on the word “God” in Deut 4:24). The jealousy of Israel, however (see next line), will be envy because of God’s lavish attention to another nation. This is an ironic wordplay. See H. Peels, NIDOTTE 3:938-39.
[32:21] 118 tn Heb “what is not a god,” or a “nondeity.”
[32:21] 119 tn Heb “their empty (things).” The Hebrew term used here to refer pejoratively to the false gods is הֶבֶל (hevel, “futile” or “futility”), used frequently in Ecclesiastes (e.g., Eccl 1:1, “Futile! Futile!” laments the Teacher, “Absolutely futile! Everything is futile!”).
[32:21] 120 tn Heb “what is not a people,” or a “nonpeople.” The “nonpeople” (לֹא־עָם, lo’-’am) referred to here are Gentiles who someday would become God’s people in the fullest sense (cf. Hos 1:9; 2:23).
[32:21] 121 tn Heb “a foolish nation” (so KJV, NAB, NRSV); NIV “a nation that has no understanding”; NLT “I will provoke their fury by blessing the foolish Gentiles.”
[32:22] 122 tn Or “to the lowest depths of the earth”; cf. NAB “to the depths of the nether world”; NIV “to the realm of death below”; NLT “to the depths of the grave.”
[32:22] sn Sheol refers here not to hell and hell-fire – a much later concept – but to the innermost parts of the earth, as low down as one could get. The parallel with “the foundations of the mountains” makes this clear (cf. Pss 9:17; 16:10; 139:8; Isa 14:9, 15; Amos 9:2).
[32:23] 123 tn Heb “upon them.”
[32:24] 124 tn The Hebrew term קֶטֶב (qetev) is probably metaphorical here for the sting of a disease (HALOT 1091-92 s.v.).
[32:25] 125 tn A verb is omitted here in the Hebrew text; for purposes of English style one suitable to the context is supplied.
[1:18] 126 tn The genitive ἀνθρώπων could be taken as an attributed genitive, in which case the phase should be translated “against all ungodly and unrighteous people” (cf. “the truth of God” in v. 25 which is also probably an attributed genitive). C. E. B. Cranfield takes the section 1:18-32 to refer to all people (not just Gentiles), while 2:1-3:20 points out that the Jew is no exception (Romans [ICC], 1:104-6; 1:137-38).
[1:18] 127 tn “Their” is implied in the Greek, but is supplied because of English style.
[1:18] 128 tn Or “by means of unrighteousness.” Grk “in (by) unrighteousness.”
[2:8] 129 tn This contrast is clearer and stronger in Greek than can be easily expressed in English.
[2:8] 130 tn Grk “those who [are] from selfish ambition.”
[2:8] 131 tn Grk “are persuaded by, obey.”
[2:9] 132 tn No verb is expressed in this verse, but the verb “to be” is implied by the Greek construction. Literally “suffering and distress on everyone…”
[2:9] 133 tn Grk “every soul of man.”
[2:9] 134 sn Paul uses the term Greek here and in v. 10 to refer to non-Jews, i.e., Gentiles.
[2:10] 135 tn Grk “but even,” to emphasize the contrast. The second word has been omitted since it is somewhat redundant in English idiom.
[2:12] 136 sn This is the first occurrence of law (nomos) in Romans. Exactly what Paul means by the term has been the subject of much scholarly debate. According to J. A. Fitzmyer (Romans [AB], 131-35; 305-6) there are at least four different senses: (1) figurative, as a “principle”; (2) generic, meaning “a law”; (3) as a reference to the OT or some part of the OT; and (4) as a reference to the Mosaic law. This last usage constitutes the majority of Paul’s references to “law” in Romans.
