Yesaya 40:12--48:22
Konteks40:12 Who has measured out the waters 1 in the hollow of his hand,
or carefully 2 measured the sky, 3
or carefully weighed 4 the soil of the earth,
or weighed the mountains in a balance,
or the hills on scales? 5
40:13 Who comprehends 6 the mind 7 of the Lord,
or gives him instruction as his counselor? 8
40:14 From whom does he receive directions? 9
Who 10 teaches him the correct way to do things, 11
or imparts knowledge to him,
or instructs him in skillful design? 12
40:15 Look, the nations are like a drop in a bucket;
they are regarded as dust on the scales.
He lifts 13 the coastlands 14 as if they were dust.
40:16 Not even Lebanon could supply enough firewood for a sacrifice; 15
its wild animals would not provide enough burnt offerings. 16
40:17 All the nations are insignificant before him;
they are regarded as absolutely nothing. 17
40:18 To whom can you compare God?
To what image can you liken him?
40:19 A craftsman casts 18 an idol;
a metalsmith overlays it with gold
and forges silver chains for it.
40:20 To make a contribution one selects wood that will not rot; 19
he then seeks a skilled craftsman
to make 20 an idol that will not fall over.
40:21 Do you not know?
Do you not hear?
Has it not been told to you since the very beginning?
Have you not understood from the time the earth’s foundations were made?
40:22 He is the one who sits on the earth’s horizon; 21
its inhabitants are like grasshoppers before him. 22
He is the one who stretches out the sky like a thin curtain, 23
and spreads it out 24 like a pitched tent. 25
40:23 He is the one who reduces rulers to nothing;
he makes the earth’s leaders insignificant.
40:24 Indeed, they are barely planted;
yes, they are barely sown;
yes, they barely take root in the earth,
and then he blows on them, causing them to dry up,
and the wind carries them away like straw.
40:25 “To whom can you compare me? Whom do I resemble?”
says the Holy One. 26
Who created all these heavenly lights? 28
He is the one who leads out their ranks; 29
he calls them all by name.
Because of his absolute power and awesome strength,
not one of them is missing.
40:27 Why do you say, Jacob,
Why do you say, Israel,
“The Lord is not aware of what is happening to me, 30
My God is not concerned with my vindication”? 31
40:28 Do you not know?
Have you not heard?
The Lord is an eternal God,
the creator of the whole earth. 32
He does not get tired or weary;
there is no limit to his wisdom. 33
40:29 He gives strength to those who are tired;
to the ones who lack power, he gives renewed energy.
40:30 Even youths get tired and weary;
even strong young men clumsily stumble. 34
40:31 But those who wait for the Lord’s help 35 find renewed strength;
they rise up as if they had eagles’ wings, 36
they run without growing weary,
they walk without getting tired.
41:1 “Listen to me in silence, you coastlands! 37
Let the nations find renewed strength!
Let them approach and then speak;
let us come together for debate! 38
41:2 Who stirs up this one from the east? 39
Who 40 officially commissions him for service? 41
He hands nations over to him, 42
and enables him to subdue 43 kings.
He makes them like dust with his sword,
like windblown straw with his bow. 44
41:3 He pursues them and passes by unharmed; 45
he advances with great speed. 46
41:4 Who acts and carries out decrees? 47
Who 48 summons the successive generations from the beginning?
I, the Lord, am present at the very beginning,
and at the very end – I am the one. 49
41:5 The coastlands 50 see and are afraid;
the whole earth 51 trembles;
they approach and come.
41:6 They help one another; 52
one says to the other, ‘Be strong!’
41:7 The craftsman encourages the metalsmith,
the one who wields the hammer encourages 53 the one who pounds on the anvil.
He approves the quality of the welding, 54
and nails it down so it won’t fall over.”
41:8 “You, my servant Israel,
Jacob whom I have chosen,
offspring of Abraham my friend, 55
41:9 you whom I am bringing back 56 from the earth’s extremities,
and have summoned from the remote regions –
I told you, “You are my servant.”
I have chosen you and not rejected you.
41:10 Don’t be afraid, for I am with you!
Don’t be frightened, for I am your God! 57
I strengthen you –
yes, I help you –
yes, I uphold you with my saving right hand! 58
41:11 Look, all who were angry at you will be ashamed and humiliated;
your adversaries 59 will be reduced to nothing 60 and perish.
41:12 When you will look for your opponents, 61 you will not find them;
your enemies 62 will be reduced to absolutely nothing.
41:13 For I am the Lord your God,
the one who takes hold of your right hand,
who says to you, ‘Don’t be afraid, I am helping you.’
41:14 Don’t be afraid, despised insignificant Jacob, 63
men of 64 Israel.
I am helping you,” says the Lord,
your protector, 65 the Holy One of Israel. 66
41:15 “Look, I am making you like 67 a sharp threshing sledge,
new and double-edged. 68
You will thresh the mountains and crush them;
you will make the hills like straw. 69
41:16 You will winnow them and the wind will blow them away;
the wind will scatter them.
You will rejoice in the Lord;
you will boast in the Holy One of Israel.
41:17 The oppressed and the poor look for water, but there is none;
their tongues are parched from thirst.
I, the Lord, will respond to their prayers; 70
I, the God of Israel, will not abandon them.
41:18 I will make streams flow down the slopes
and produce springs in the middle of the valleys.
I will turn the desert into a pool of water
and the arid land into springs.
41:19 I will make cedars, acacias, myrtles, and olive trees grow in the wilderness;
I will make evergreens, firs, and cypresses grow together in the desert.
41:20 I will do this so 71 people 72 will observe and recognize,
so they will pay attention and understand
that the Lord’s power 73 has accomplished this,
and that the Holy One of Israel has brought it into being.” 74
41:21 “Present your argument,” says the Lord.
“Produce your evidence,” 75 says Jacob’s king. 76
41:22 “Let them produce evidence! Let them tell us what will happen!
Tell us about your earlier predictive oracles, 77
so we may examine them 78 and see how they were fulfilled. 79
Or decree for us some future events!
41:23 Predict how future events will turn out, 80
so we might know you are gods.
Yes, do something good or bad,
so we might be frightened and in awe. 81
41:24 Look, you are nothing, and your accomplishments are nonexistent;
the one who chooses to worship you is disgusting. 82
41:25 I have stirred up one out of the north 83 and he advances,
one from the eastern horizon who prays in my name. 84
He steps on 85 rulers as if they were clay,
like a potter treading the clay.
41:26 Who decreed this from the beginning, so we could know?
Who announced it 86 ahead of time, so we could say, ‘He’s correct’?
Indeed, none of them decreed it!
Indeed, none of them announced it!
Indeed, no one heard you say anything!
41:27 I first decreed to Zion, ‘Look, here’s what will happen!’ 87
I sent a herald to Jerusalem. 88
41:28 I look, but there is no one,
among them there is no one who serves as an adviser,
that I might ask questions and receive answers.
41:29 Look, all of them are nothing, 89
their accomplishments are nonexistent;
their metal images lack any real substance. 90
42:1 91 “Here is my servant whom I support,
my chosen one in whom I take pleasure.
I have placed my spirit on him;
he will make just decrees 92 for the nations. 93
42:2 He will not cry out or shout;
he will not publicize himself in the streets. 94
42:3 A crushed reed he will not break,
a dim wick he will not extinguish; 95
he will faithfully make just decrees. 96
42:4 He will not grow dim or be crushed 97
before establishing justice on the earth;
the coastlands 98 will wait in anticipation for his decrees.” 99
42:5 This is what the true God, 100 the Lord, says –
the one who created the sky and stretched it out,
the one who fashioned the earth and everything that lives on it, 101
the one who gives breath to the people on it,
and life to those who live on it: 102
42:6 “I, the Lord, officially commission you; 103
I take hold of your hand.
I protect you 104 and make you a covenant mediator for people, 105
and a light 106 to the nations, 107
to release prisoners 109 from dungeons,
those who live in darkness from prisons.
42:8 I am the Lord! That is my name!
I will not share my glory with anyone else,
or the praise due me with idols.
42:9 Look, my earlier predictive oracles have come to pass; 110
now I announce new events.
Before they begin to occur,
I reveal them to you.” 111
42:10 Sing to the Lord a brand new song!
Praise him 112 from the horizon of the earth,
you who go down to the sea, and everything that lives in it, 113
you coastlands 114 and those who live there!
42:11 Let the desert and its cities shout out,
the towns where the nomads of Kedar live!
Let the residents of Sela shout joyfully;
let them shout loudly from the mountaintops.
42:12 Let them give the Lord the honor he deserves; 115
let them praise his deeds in the coastlands. 116
42:13 The Lord emerges like a hero,
like a warrior he inspires himself for battle; 117
he shouts, yes, he yells,
he shows his enemies his power. 118
42:14 “I have been inactive 119 for a long time;
I kept quiet and held back.
Like a woman in labor I groan;
I pant and gasp. 120
42:15 I will make the trees on the mountains and hills wither up; 121
I will dry up all their vegetation.
I will turn streams into islands, 122
and dry up pools of water. 123
42:16 I will lead the blind along an unfamiliar way; 124
I will guide them down paths they have never traveled. 125
I will turn the darkness in front of them into light,
and level out the rough ground. 126
This is what I will do for them.
I will not abandon them.
42:17 Those who trust in idols
will turn back and be utterly humiliated, 127
those who say to metal images, ‘You are our gods.’”
42:18 “Listen, you deaf ones!
Take notice, 128 you blind ones!
42:19 My servant is truly blind,
my messenger is truly deaf.
My covenant partner, 129 the servant of the Lord, is truly blind. 130
42:20 You see 131 many things, but don’t comprehend; 132
their ears are open, but do not hear.”
42:21 The Lord wanted to exhibit his justice
by magnifying his law and displaying it. 133
42:22 But these people are looted and plundered;
all of them are trapped in pits 134
and held captive 135 in prisons.
They were carried away as loot with no one to rescue them;
they were carried away as plunder, and no one says, “Bring that back!” 136
42:23 Who among you will pay attention to this?
Who will listen attentively in the future? 137
42:24 Who handed Jacob over to the robber?
Who handed Israel over to the looters? 138
Was it not the Lord, against whom we sinned?
They refused to follow his commands;
they disobeyed his law. 139
42:25 So he poured out his fierce anger on them,
along with the devastation 140 of war.
Its flames encircled them, but they did not realize it; 141
it burned against them, but they did notice. 142
43:1 Now, this is what the Lord says,
the one who created you, O Jacob,
and formed you, O Israel:
“Don’t be afraid, for I will protect 143 you.
I call you by name, you are mine.
43:2 When you pass through the waters, I am with you;
when you pass 144 through the streams, they will not overwhelm you.
When you walk through the fire, you will not be burned;
the flames will not harm 145 you.
43:3 For I am the Lord your God,
the Holy One of Israel, 146 your deliverer.
I have handed over Egypt as a ransom price,
Ethiopia and Seba 147 in place of you.
43:4 Since you are precious and special in my sight, 148
and I love you,
I will hand over people in place of you,
nations in place of your life.
43:5 Don’t be afraid, for I am with you.
From the east I will bring your descendants;
from the west I will gather you.
43:6 I will say to the north, ‘Hand them over!’
and to the south, ‘Don’t hold any back!’
Bring my sons from distant lands,
and my daughters from the remote regions of the earth,
43:7 everyone who belongs to me, 149
whom I created for my glory,
whom I formed – yes, whom I made!
43:8 Bring out the people who are blind, even though they have eyes,
those who are deaf, even though they have ears!
43:9 All nations gather together,
the peoples assemble.
Who among them announced this?
Who predicted earlier events for us? 150
Let them produce their witnesses to testify they were right;
let them listen and affirm, ‘It is true.’
43:10 You are my witnesses,” says the Lord,
“my servant whom I have chosen,
so that you may consider 151 and believe in me,
and understand that I am he.
No god was formed before me,
and none will outlive me. 152
43:11 I, I am the Lord,
and there is no deliverer besides me.
43:12 I decreed and delivered and proclaimed,
and there was no other god among you.
You are my witnesses,” says the Lord, “that I am God.
43:13 From this day forward I am he;
no one can deliver from my power; 153
I will act, and who can prevent it?”
43:14 This is what the Lord says,
your protector, 154 the Holy One of Israel: 155
“For your sake I send to Babylon
and make them all fugitives, 156
turning the Babylonians’ joyful shouts into mourning songs. 157
43:15 I am the Lord, your Holy One, 158
the one who created Israel, your king.”
43:16 This is what the Lord says,
the one who made a road through the sea,
a pathway through the surging waters,
43:17 the one who led chariots and horses to destruction, 159
together with a mighty army.
They fell down, 160 never to rise again;
they were extinguished, put out like a burning wick:
43:18 “Don’t remember these earlier events; 161
don’t recall these former events.
43:19 “Look, I am about to do something new.
Now it begins to happen! 162 Do you not recognize 163 it?
Yes, I will make a road in the desert
and paths 164 in the wilderness.
43:20 The wild animals of the desert honor me,
the jackals and ostriches,
because I put water in the desert
and streams in the wilderness,
to quench the thirst of my chosen people,
43:21 the people whom I formed for myself,
so they might praise me.” 165
43:22 “But you did not call for me, O Jacob;
you did not long 166 for me, O Israel.
43:23 You did not bring me lambs for your burnt offerings;
you did not honor me with your sacrifices.
I did not burden you with offerings;
I did not make you weary by demanding 167 incense.
43:24 You did not buy me aromatic reeds; 168
you did not present to me 169 the fat of your sacrifices.
Yet you burdened me with your sins;
you made me weary with your evil deeds. 170
43:25 I, I am the one who blots out your rebellious deeds for my sake;
your sins I do not remember.
43:26 Remind me of what happened! Let’s debate!
You, prove to me that you are right! 171
43:27 The father of your nation 172 sinned;
your spokesmen 173 rebelled against me.
43:28 So I defiled your holy princes,
and handed Jacob over to destruction,
and subjected 174 Israel to humiliating abuse.”
44:1 “Now, listen, Jacob my servant,
Israel whom I have chosen!”
44:2 This is what the Lord, the one who made you, says –
the one who formed you in the womb and helps you:
“Don’t be afraid, my servant Jacob,
Jeshurun, 175 whom I have chosen!
44:3 For I will pour water on the parched ground 176
and cause streams to flow 177 on the dry land.
I will pour my spirit on your offspring
and my blessing on your children.
44:4 They will sprout up like a tree in the grass, 178
like poplars beside channels of water.
44:5 One will say, ‘I belong to the Lord,’
and another will use 179 the name ‘Jacob.’
One will write on his hand, ‘The Lord’s,’
and use the name ‘Israel.’” 180
44:6 This is what the Lord, Israel’s king, says,
their protector, 181 the Lord who commands armies:
“I am the first and I am the last,
there is no God but me.
44:7 Who is like me? Let him make his claim! 182
Let him announce it and explain it to me –
since I established an ancient people – 183
let them announce future events! 184
44:8 Don’t panic! Don’t be afraid! 185
Did I not tell you beforehand and decree it?
You are my witnesses! Is there any God but me?
There is no other sheltering rock; 186 I know of none.
44:9 All who form idols are nothing;
the things in which they delight are worthless.
Their witnesses cannot see;
they recognize nothing, so they are put to shame.
44:10 Who forms a god and casts an idol
that will prove worthless? 187
44:11 Look, all his associates 188 will be put to shame;
the craftsmen are mere humans. 189
Let them all assemble and take their stand!
They will panic and be put to shame.
44:12 A blacksmith works with his tool 190
and forges metal over the coals.
He forms it 191 with hammers;
he makes it with his strong arm.
He gets hungry and loses his energy; 192
he drinks no water and gets tired.
44:13 A carpenter takes measurements; 193
he marks out an outline of its form; 194
he scrapes 195 it with chisels,
and marks it with a compass.
He patterns it after the human form, 196
like a well-built human being,
and puts it in a shrine. 197
44:14 He cuts down cedars
and acquires a cypress 198 or an oak.
He gets 199 trees from the forest;
he plants a cedar 200 and the rain makes it grow.
44:15 A man uses it to make a fire; 201
he takes some of it and warms himself.
Yes, he kindles a fire and bakes bread.
Then he makes a god and worships it;
he makes an idol and bows down to it. 202
44:16 Half of it he burns in the fire –
over that half he cooks 203 meat;
he roasts a meal and fills himself.
Yes, he warms himself and says,
‘Ah! I am warm as I look at the fire.’
44:17 With the rest of it he makes a god, his idol;
he bows down to it and worships it.
He prays to it, saying,
‘Rescue me, for you are my god!’
44:18 They do not comprehend or understand,
for their eyes are blind and cannot see;
their minds do not discern. 204
44:19 No one thinks to himself,
nor do they comprehend or understand and say to themselves:
‘I burned half of it in the fire –
yes, I baked bread over the coals;
I roasted meat and ate it.
With the rest of it should I make a disgusting idol?
Should I bow down to dry wood?’ 205
his deceived mind misleads him.
He cannot rescue himself,
nor does he say, ‘Is this not a false god I hold in my right hand?’ 207
44:21 Remember these things, O Jacob,
O Israel, for you are my servant.
I formed you to be my servant;
O Israel, I will not forget you! 208
44:22 I remove the guilt of your rebellious deeds as if they were a cloud,
the guilt of your sins as if they were a cloud. 209
Come back to me, for I protect 210 you.”
44:23 Shout for joy, O sky, for the Lord intervenes; 211
shout out, you subterranean regions 212 of the earth.
O mountains, give a joyful shout;
you too, O forest and all your trees! 213
For the Lord protects 214 Jacob;
he reveals his splendor through Israel. 215
44:24 This is what the Lord, your protector, 216 says,
the one who formed you in the womb:
“I am the Lord, who made everything,
who alone stretched out the sky,
who fashioned the earth all by myself, 217
44:25 who frustrates the omens of the empty talkers 218
and humiliates 219 the omen readers,
who overturns the counsel of the wise men 220
and makes their advice 221 seem foolish,
44:26 who fulfills the oracles of his prophetic servants 222
and brings to pass the announcements 223 of his messengers,
who says about Jerusalem, 224 ‘She will be inhabited,’
and about the towns of Judah, ‘They will be rebuilt,
her ruins I will raise up,’
44:27 who says to the deep sea, ‘Be dry!
I will dry up your sea currents,’
44:28 who commissions 225 Cyrus, the one I appointed as shepherd 226
to carry out all my wishes 227
and to decree concerning Jerusalem, ‘She will be rebuilt,’
and concerning the temple, ‘It will be reconstructed.’” 228
45:1 This is what the Lord says to his chosen 229 one,
to Cyrus, whose right hand I hold 230
in order to subdue nations before him,
and disarm kings, 231
to open doors before him,
so gates remain unclosed:
45:2 “I will go before you
and level mountains. 232
Bronze doors I will shatter
and iron bars 233 I will hack through.
45:3 I will give you hidden treasures, 234
riches stashed away in secret places,
so you may recognize that I am the Lord,
the one who calls you by name, the God of Israel.
45:4 For the sake of my servant Jacob,
Israel, my chosen one,
I call you by name
and give you a title of respect, even though you do not recognize 235 me.
45:5 I am the Lord, I have no peer, 236
there is no God but me.
I arm you for battle, 237 even though you do not recognize 238 me.
45:6 I do this 239 so people 240 will recognize from east to west
that there is no God but me;
I am the Lord, I have no peer.
45:7 I am 241 the one who forms light
and creates darkness; 242
the one who brings about peace
and creates calamity. 243
I am the Lord, who accomplishes all these things.
45:8 O sky, rain down from above!
Let the clouds send down showers 244 of deliverance!
Let the earth absorb it 245 so salvation may grow, 246
and deliverance may sprout up 247 along with it.
I, the Lord, create it. 248
45:9 One who argues with his creator is in grave danger, 249
one who is like a mere 250 shard among the other shards on the ground!
The clay should not say to the potter, 251
“What in the world 252 are you doing?
Your work lacks skill!” 253
45:10 Danger awaits one who says 254 to his father,
“What in the world 255 are you fathering?”
and to his mother,
“What in the world are you bringing forth?” 256
45:11 This is what the Lord says,
the Holy One of Israel, 257 the one who formed him,
concerning things to come: 258
“How dare you question me 259 about my children!
How dare you tell me what to do with 260 the work of my own hands!
45:12 I made the earth,
I created the people who live 261 on it.
It was me – my hands 262 stretched out the sky, 263
I give orders to all the heavenly lights. 264
45:13 It is me – I stir him up and commission him; 265
I will make all his ways level.
He will rebuild my city;
he will send my exiled people home,
but not for a price or a bribe,”
says the Lord who commands armies.
45:14 This is what the Lord says:
“The profit 266 of Egypt and the revenue 267 of Ethiopia,
along with the Sabeans, those tall men,
will be brought to you 268 and become yours.
They will walk behind you, coming along in chains. 269
They will bow down to you
and pray to you: 270
‘Truly God is with 271 you; he has no peer; 272
there is no other God!’”
45:15 Yes, you are a God who keeps hidden,
O God of Israel, deliverer!
45:16 They will all be ashamed and embarrassed;
those who fashion idols will all be humiliated. 273
45:17 Israel will be delivered once and for all by the Lord; 274
you will never again be ashamed or humiliated. 275
45:18 For this is what the Lord says,
the one who created the sky –
he is the true God, 276
the one who formed the earth and made it;
he established it,
he did not create it without order, 277
he formed it to be inhabited –
“I am the Lord, I have no peer.
45:19 I have not spoken in secret,
in some hidden place. 278
I did not tell Jacob’s descendants,
‘Seek me in vain!’ 279
I am the Lord,
the one who speaks honestly,
who makes reliable announcements. 280
45:20 Gather together and come!
Approach together, you refugees from the nations!
Those who carry wooden idols know nothing,
those who pray to a god that cannot deliver.
45:21 Tell me! Present the evidence! 281
Let them consult with one another!
Who predicted this in the past?
Who announced it beforehand?
Was it not I, the Lord?
I have no peer, there is no God but me,
a God who vindicates and delivers; 282
there is none but me.
45:22 Turn to me so you can be delivered, 283
all you who live in the earth’s remote regions!
For I am God, and I have no peer.
45:23 I solemnly make this oath 284 –
what I say is true and reliable: 285
‘Surely every knee will bow to me,
every tongue will solemnly affirm; 286
45:24 they will say about me,
“Yes, the Lord is a powerful deliverer.”’” 287
All who are angry at him will cower before him. 288
45:25 All the descendants of Israel will be vindicated by the Lord
and will boast in him. 289
Nebo 291 bends low.
Their images weigh down animals and beasts. 292
Your heavy images are burdensome to tired animals. 293
46:2 Together they bend low and kneel down;
they are unable to rescue the images; 294
they themselves 295 head off into captivity. 296
46:3 “Listen to me, O family of Jacob, 297
all you who are left from the family of Israel, 298
you who have been carried from birth, 299
you who have been supported from the time you left the womb. 300
46:4 Even when you are old, I will take care of you, 301
even when you have gray hair, I will carry you.
I made you and I will support you;
I will carry you and rescue you. 302
46:5 To whom can you compare and liken me?
Tell me whom you think I resemble, so we can be compared!
46:6 Those who empty out gold from a purse
and weigh out silver on the scale 303
hire a metalsmith, who makes it into a god.
They then bow down and worship it.
46:7 They put it on their shoulder and carry it;
they put it in its place and it just stands there;
it does not 304 move from its place.
Even when someone cries out to it, it does not reply;
it does not deliver him from his distress.
46:8 Remember this, so you can be brave! 305
Think about it, you rebels! 306
46:9 Remember what I accomplished in antiquity! 307
Truly I am God, I have no peer; 308
I am God, and there is none like me,
46:10 who announces the end from the beginning
and reveals beforehand 309 what has not yet occurred,
who says, ‘My plan will be realized,
I will accomplish what I desire,’
46:11 who summons an eagle 310 from the east,
from a distant land, one who carries out my plan.
Yes, I have decreed, 311
yes, I will bring it to pass;
I have formulated a plan,
yes, I will carry it out.
46:12 Listen to me, you stubborn people, 312
you who distance yourself from doing what is right. 313
46:13 I am bringing my deliverance near, it is not far away;
I am bringing my salvation near, 314 it does not wait.
I will save Zion; 315
I will adorn Israel with my splendor.” 316
47:1 “Fall down! Sit in the dirt,
O virgin 317 daughter Babylon!
Sit on the ground, not on a throne,
O daughter of the Babylonians!
Indeed, 318 you will no longer be called delicate and pampered.
47:2 Pick up millstones and grind flour!
Remove your veil,
strip off your skirt,
expose your legs,
cross the streams!
47:3 Let your private parts be exposed!
Your genitals will be on display! 319
I will get revenge;
I will not have pity on anyone,” 320
47:4 says our protector –
the Lord who commands armies is his name,
the Holy One of Israel. 321
47:5 “Sit silently! Go to a hiding place, 322
O daughter of the Babylonians!
Indeed, 323 you will no longer be called ‘Queen of kingdoms.’
47:6 I was angry at my people;
I defiled my special possession
and handed them over to you.
You showed them no mercy; 324
you even placed a very heavy burden on old people. 325
47:7 You said,
‘I will rule forever as permanent queen!’ 326
You did not think about these things; 327
you did not consider how it would turn out. 328
47:8 So now, listen to this,
O one who lives so lavishly, 329
who lives securely,
who says to herself, 330
‘I am unique! No one can compare to me! 331
I will never have to live as a widow;
I will never lose my children.’ 332
47:9 Both of these will come upon you
suddenly, in one day!
You will lose your children and be widowed. 333
You will be overwhelmed by these tragedies, 334
despite 335 your many incantations
and your numerous amulets. 336
47:10 You were complacent in your evil deeds; 337
you thought, 338 ‘No one sees me.’
Your self-professed 339 wisdom and knowledge lead you astray,
when you say, ‘I am unique! No one can compare to me!’ 340
47:11 Disaster will overtake you;
you will not know how to charm it away. 341
Destruction will fall on you;
you will not be able to appease it.
Calamity will strike you suddenly,
before you recognize it. 342
47:12 Persist 343 in trusting 344 your amulets
and your many incantations,
which you have faithfully recited 345 since your youth!
Maybe you will be successful 346 –
maybe you will scare away disaster. 347
47:13 You are tired out from listening to so much advice. 348
Let them take their stand –
the ones who see omens in the sky,
who gaze at the stars,
who make monthly predictions –
let them rescue you from the disaster that is about to overtake you! 349
47:14 Look, they are like straw,
which the fire burns up;
they cannot rescue themselves
from the heat 350 of the flames.
There are no coals to warm them,
no firelight to enjoy. 351
47:15 They will disappoint you, 352
those you have so faithfully dealt with since your youth. 353
Each strays off in his own direction, 354
leaving no one to rescue you.”
48:1 Listen to this, O family of Jacob, 355
you who are called by the name ‘Israel,’
and are descended from Judah, 356
who take oaths in the name of the Lord,
and invoke 357 the God of Israel –
but not in an honest and just manner. 358
48:2 Indeed, they live in the holy city; 359
they trust in 360 the God of Israel,
whose name is the Lord who commands armies.
48:3 “I announced events beforehand, 361
I issued the decrees and made the predictions; 362
suddenly I acted and they came to pass.
48:4 I did this 363 because I know how stubborn you are.
Your neck muscles are like iron
and your forehead like bronze. 364
48:5 I announced them to you beforehand;
before they happened, I predicted them for you,
so you could never say,
‘My image did these things,
my idol, my cast image, decreed them.’
48:6 You have heard; now look at all the evidence! 365
Will you not admit that what I say is true? 366
From this point on I am announcing to you new events
that are previously unrevealed and you do not know about. 367
48:7 Now they come into being, 368 not in the past;
before today you did not hear about them,
so you could not say,
‘Yes, 369 I know about them.’
48:8 You did not hear,
you do not know,
you were not told beforehand. 370
For I know that you are very deceitful; 371
you were labeled 372 a rebel from birth.
48:9 For the sake of my reputation 373 I hold back my anger;
for the sake of my prestige 374 I restrain myself from destroying you. 375
48:10 Look, I have refined you, but not as silver;
I have purified you 376 in the furnace of misery.
48:11 For my sake alone 377 I will act,
for how can I allow my name to be defiled? 378
I will not share my glory with anyone else! 379
48:12 Listen to me, O Jacob,
Israel, whom I summoned!
I am the one;
I am present at the very beginning
and at the very end. 380
48:13 Yes, my hand founded the earth;
my right hand spread out the sky.
I summon them;
they stand together.
48:14 All of you, gather together and listen!
Who among them 381 announced these things?
The Lord’s ally 382 will carry out his desire against Babylon;
he will exert his power against the Babylonians. 383
48:15 I, I have spoken –
yes, I have summoned him;
I lead him and he will succeed. 384
48:16 Approach me! Listen to this!
From the very first I have not spoken in secret;
when it happens, 385 I am there.”
So now, the sovereign Lord has sent me, accompanied by his spirit. 386
48:17 This is what the Lord, your protector, 387 says,
the Holy One of Israel: 388
“I am the Lord your God,
who teaches you how to succeed,
who leads you in the way you should go.
48:18 If only you had obeyed my 389 commandments,
prosperity would have flowed to you like a river, 390
deliverance would have come to you like the waves of the sea. 391
48:19 Your descendants would have been as numerous as sand, 392
and your children 393 like its granules.
Their name would not have been cut off
and eliminated from my presence. 394
48:20 Leave Babylon!
Flee from the Babylonians!
Announce it with a shout of joy!
Make this known!
Proclaim it throughout the earth! 395
Say, ‘The Lord protects 396 his servant Jacob.
48:21 They do not thirst as he leads them through dry regions;
he makes water flow out of a rock for them;
he splits open a rock and water flows out.’ 397
48:22 There will be no prosperity for the wicked,” says the Lord.
[40:12] 1 tn The Qumran scroll 1QIsaa has מי ים (“waters of the sea”), a reading followed by NAB.
[40:12] 2 tn Heb “with a span.” A “span” was the distance between the ends of the thumb and the little finger of the spread hand” (BDB 285 s.v. זֶרֶת).
[40:12] 3 tn Or “the heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heavens” or “sky” depending on the context.
[40:12] 4 tn Heb “or weighed by a third part [of a measure].”
[40:12] 5 sn The implied answer to the rhetorical questions of v. 12 is “no one but the Lord. The Lord, and no other, created the world. Like a merchant weighing out silver or commodities on a scale, the Lord established the various components of the physical universe in precise proportions.
[40:13] 6 tn Perhaps the verb is used metonymically here in the sense of “advises” (note the following line).
[40:13] 7 tn In this context רוּחַ (ruakh) likely refers to the Lord’s “mind,” or mental faculties, rather than his personal Spirit (see BDB 925 s.v.).
[40:13] 8 tn Heb “or [as] the man of his counsel causes him to know?”
[40:14] 9 tn Heb “With whom did he consult, so that he gave discernment to him?”
[40:14] 10 tn Heb “and taught him.” The vav (ו) consecutive with prefixed verbal form continues the previous line. The translation employs an interrogative pronoun for stylistic reasons.
[40:14] 11 tn The phrase אֹרַח מִשְׁפָּט (’orakh mishpat) could be translated “path of justice” (so NASB, NRSV), but in this context, where creative ability and skill is in view, the phrase is better understood in the sense of “the way that is proper or fitting” (see BDB 1049 s.v. מִשְׁפָּט 6); cf. NIV, NCV “the right way.”
[40:14] 12 tn Heb “or the way of understanding causes him to know?”
[40:14] sn The implied answer to the rhetorical questions in vv. 13-14 is, “No one.” In contrast to Marduk, the creator-god of Mesopotamian myths who receives help from the god of wisdom, the Lord neither needs nor receives any such advice or help. See R. Whybray, Heavenly Counsellor (SOTSMS), 64-77.
[40:15] 13 tn Or “weighs” (NIV); NLT “picks up.”
[40:15] 14 tn Or “islands” (NASB, NIV, NLT).
[40:16] 15 tn The words “for a sacrifice” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[40:16] 16 sn The point is that not even the Lebanon forest could supply enough wood and animals for an adequate sacrifice to the Lord.
[40:17] 17 tn Heb “[as derived] from nothing and unformed.”
[40:19] 18 tn Heb “pours out”; KJV “melteth.”
[40:20] 19 tn The first two words of the verse (הַמְסֻכָּן תְּרוּמָה, hamsukan tÿrumah) are problematic. Some take מְסֻכָּן as an otherwise unattested Pual participle from סָכַן (sakhan, “be poor”) and translate “the one who is impoverished.” תְּרוּמָה (tÿrumah, “contribution”) can then be taken as an adverbial accusative, “with respect to a contribution,” and the entire line translated, “the one who is too impoverished for such a contribution [i.e., the metal idol of v. 19?] selects wood that will not rot.” However, מְסֻכָּן is probably the name of a tree used in idol manufacturing (cognate with Akkadian musukkanu, cf. H. R. Cohen, Biblical Hapax Legomena [SBLDS], 133). מְסֻכָּן may be a scribal interpretive addition attempting to specify עֵץ (’ets) or עֵץ may be a scribal attempt to categorize מְסֻכָּן. How an idol constitutes a תְּרוּמָה (“contribution”) is not entirely clear.
[40:20] 20 tn Or “set up” (ASV, NAB, NIV, NRSV); KJV, NASB “to prepare.”
[40:22] 21 tn Heb “the circle of the earth” (so KJV, NIV, NRSV, NLT).
[40:22] 22 tn The words “before him” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[40:22] 23 tn The otherwise unattested noun דֹּק (doq), translated here “thin curtain,” is apparently derived from the verbal root דקק (“crush”) from which is derived the adjective דַּק (daq, “thin”; see HALOT 229 s.v. דקק). The nuance “curtain” is implied from the parallelism (see “tent” in the next line).
[40:22] 24 tn The meaning of the otherwise unattested verb מָתַח (matakh, “spread out”) is determined from the parallelism (note the corresponding verb “stretch out” in the previous line) and supported by later Hebrew and Aramaic cognates. See HALOT 654 s.v. *מתה.
[40:22] 25 tn Heb “like a tent [in which] to live”; NAB, NASB “like a tent to dwell (live NIV, NRSV) in.”
[40:25] 26 sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.
[40:26] 27 tn Heb “Lift on high your eyes and see.”
[40:26] 28 tn The words “heavenly lights” are supplied in the translation for clarification. See the following lines.
[40:26] 29 tn Heb “the one who brings out by number their host.” The stars are here likened to a huge army that the Lord leads out. Perhaps the next line pictures God calling roll. If so, the final line may be indicating that none of them dares “go AWOL.” (“AWOL” is a military acronym for “absent without leave.”)
[40:27] 30 tn Heb “my way is hidden from the Lord” (so NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV).
[40:27] 31 tn Heb “and from my God my justice passes away”; NRSV “my right is disregarded by my God.”
[40:28] 32 tn Heb “the ends of the earth,” but this is a merism, where the earth’s extremities stand for its entirety, i.e., the extremities and everything in between them.
[40:28] 33 sn Exiled Israel’s complaint (v. 27) implies that God might be limited in some way. Perhaps he, like so many of the pagan gods, has died. Or perhaps his jurisdiction is limited to Judah and does not include Babylon. Maybe he is unable to devise an adequate plan to rescue his people, or is unable to execute it. But v. 28 affirms that he is not limited temporally or spatially nor is his power and wisdom restricted in any way. He can and will deliver his people, if they respond in hopeful faith (v. 31a).
[40:30] 34 tn Heb “stumbling they stumble.” The verbal idea is emphasized by the infinitive absolute.
[40:31] 35 tn The words “for the Lord’s help” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[40:31] 36 tn Heb “they rise up [on] wings like eagles” (TEV similar).
[41:1] 37 tn Or “islands” (KJV, NIV, CEV); TEV “distant lands”; NLT “lands beyond the sea.”
[41:1] 38 tn The Hebrew term מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat) could be translated “judgment,” but here it seems to refer to the dispute or debate between the Lord and the nations.
[41:2] 39 sn The expression this one from the east refers to the Persian conqueror Cyrus, as later texts indicate (see 44:28-45:6; 46:11; 48:14-16).
[41:2] 40 tn The interrogative particle is understood by ellipsis.
[41:2] 41 tn Heb “[in] righteousness called him to his foot.”
[41:2] 42 tn Heb “he [the Lord] places before him [Cyrus] nations.”
[41:2] 43 tn The verb יַרְדְּ (yardÿ) is an otherwise unattested Hiphil form from רָדָה (radah, “rule”). But the Hiphil makes no sense with “kings” as object; one must understand an ellipsis and supply “him” (Cyrus) as the object. The Qumran scroll 1QIsaa has יוֹרִד (yorid), which appears to be a Hiphil form from יָרַד (yarad, “go down”). Others suggest reading יָרֹד (yarod), a Qal form from רָדַד (radad, “beat down”).
[41:2] 44 sn The point is that they are powerless before Cyrus’ military power and scatter before him.
[41:3] 45 tn Heb “[in] peace”; KJV, ASV “safely”; NASB “in safety”; NIV “unscathed.”
[41:3] 46 tn Heb “a way with his feet he does not come [or “enter”].” One could translate, “by a way he was not [previously] entering with his feet.” This would mean that he is advancing into new territory and expanding his conquests. The present translation assumes this is a hyperbolic description to his speedy advance. He moves so quickly he does not enter the way with his feet, i.e., his feet don’t even touch the ground. See C. R. North, Second Isaiah, 94.
[41:4] 47 tn Heb “Who acts and accomplishes?”; NASB “Who has performed and accomplished it.”
[41:4] 48 tn The interrogative particle is understood by ellipsis (note the preceding line).
[41:4] 49 tn Heb “I, the Lord, [am with] the first, and with the last ones I [am] he.”
[41:5] 50 tn Or “islands” (NIV, CEV); NCV “faraway places”; NLT “lands beyond the sea.”
[41:5] 51 tn Heb “the ends of the earth,” but this is a merism, where the earth’s extremities stand for its entirety, i.e., the extremities and everything in between them.
[41:6] 52 tn Heb “each his neighbor helps”; NCV “The workers help each other.”
[41:7] 53 tn The verb “encourages” is understood by ellipsis (note the preceding line).
[41:7] 54 tn Heb “saying of the welding, ‘It is good.’”
[41:8] 55 tn Or perhaps, “covenantal partner” (see 1 Kgs 5:15 HT [5:1 ET]; 2 Chr 20:7).
[41:9] 56 tn Heb “whom I have taken hold of [i.e., to lead back].”
[41:10] 57 tn According to BDB (1043 s.v. שָׁעָה), the verb תִּשְׁתָּע (tishta’) in the second line of the poetic couplet is a Hitpael form from the root שָׁעָה (sha’ah, “gaze,” with metathesis of the stem prefix and the first root letter). Taking the Hitpael as iterative, one may then translate “do not anxiously look about.” However, the alleged Hitpael form of שָׁעָה (sha’ah) only occurs here and in verse 23. HALOT 1671 s.v. שׁתע proposes that the verb is instead a Qal form from the root שׁתע (“fear”) which is attested in cognate Semitic languages, including Ugaritic (discovered after the publishing of BDB), suggests the existence of this root. The poetic structure of v. 10 also supports the proposal, for the form in question is in synonymous parallelism to יָרֵא (yare’, “fear”).
[41:10] 58 tn The “right hand” is a symbol of the Lord’s power to deliver (Exod 15:6, 12) and protect (Ps 63:9 HT [63:8 ET]). Here צֶדֶק (tsedeq) has its well-attested nuance of “vindicated righteousness,” i.e., “victory, deliverance” (see 45:8; 51:5, and BDB 841-42 s.v.).
[41:11] 59 tn Heb “the men of your strife”; NASB “those who contend with you.”
[41:11] 60 tn Heb “like nothing”; NAB “come to nought.”
[41:12] 61 tn Heb “the men of your struggle”; NASB “those who quarrel with you.”
[41:12] 62 tn Heb “the men of your battle”; NAB “who do battle with you.”
[41:14] 63 tn Heb “O worm Jacob” (NAB, NIV). The worm metaphor suggests that Jacob is insignificant and despised.
[41:14] 64 tn On the basis of the parallelism (note “worm”) and an alleged Akkadian cognate, some read “louse” or “weevil.” Cf. NAB “O maggot Israel”; NRSV “you insect Israel.”
[41:14] 65 tn Heb “your kinsman redeemer.” A גָּאַל (ga’al, “kinsman redeemer”) was a protector of the extended family’s interests.
[41:14] 66 sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.
[41:15] 67 tn Heb “into” (so NIV); ASV “have made thee to be.”
[41:15] 68 tn Heb “owner of two-mouths,” i.e., double-edged.
[41:15] 69 sn The mountains and hills symbolize hostile nations that are obstacles to Israel’s restoration.
[41:17] 70 tn Heb “will answer them” (so ASV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT).
[41:20] 71 tn The words “I will do this” are supplied in the translation for clarification. The Hebrew text has here simply, “in order that.”
[41:20] 72 tn Heb “they”; NAB, NRSV “that all may see”; CEV, NLT “Everyone will see.”
[41:20] 73 tn Heb “hand” (so KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV).
[41:20] 74 tn Or “created it” (KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV); TEV “has made it happen.”
[41:21] 75 tn Heb “strong [words],” see HALOT 870 s.v. *עֲצֻמוֹת.
[41:21] 76 sn Apparently this challenge is addressed to the pagan idol gods, see vv. 23-24.
[41:22] 77 tn Heb “As for the former things, tell us what they are!”
[41:22] 78 tn Heb “so we might set [them to] our heart.”
[41:22] 79 tn Heb “and might know their outcome.”
[41:23] 80 tn Heb “Declare the coming things, with respect to the end.”
[41:23] 81 tc The translation assumes the Qere (וְנִרְאֶה [vÿnir’eh], from יָרֵא [yare’], “be afraid”).
[41:23] tn Heb “so we might be frightened and afraid together.” On the meaning of the verb שָׁתָע (shata’), see the note at v. 10.
[41:24] 82 tn Heb “an object of disgust [is he who] chooses you.”
[41:25] 83 sn That is, Cyrus the Persian. See the note at v. 2.
[41:25] 84 tn Heb “[one] from the rising of the sun [who] calls in my name.”
[41:25] 85 tn The Hebrew text has וְיָבֹא (vÿyavo’, “and he comes”), but this is likely a corruption of an original וַיָּבָס (vayyavas), from בּוּס (bus, “step on”).
[41:26] 86 tn The words “who announced it” are supplied in the translation for clarification. The interrogative particle and verb are understood by ellipsis (see the preceding line).
[41:27] 87 tn The Hebrew text reads simply, “First to Zion, ‘Look here they are!’” The words “I decreed” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[41:27] 88 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[41:29] 89 tc The Hebrew text has אָוֶן (’aven, “deception,” i.e., “false”), but the Qumran scroll 1QIsaa has אין (“nothing”), which forms a better parallel with אֶפֶס (’efes, “nothing”) in the next line. See also 40:17 and 41:12.
[41:29] 90 tn Heb “their statues are wind and nothing”; NASB “wind and emptiness”; NIV “wind and confusion.”
[42:1] 91 sn Verses 1-7 contain the first of Isaiah’s “servant songs,” which describe the ministry of a special, ideal servant who accomplishes God’s purposes for Israel and the nations. This song depicts the servant as a just king who brings justice to the earth and relief for the oppressed. The other songs appear in 49:1-13; 50:4-11; and 52:13-53:12.
[42:1] 92 tn Heb “he will bring out justice” (cf. ASV, NASB, NRSV).
[42:1] 93 sn Like the ideal king portrayed in Isa 11:1-9, the servant is energized by the divine spirit and establishes justice on the earth.
[42:2] 94 tn Heb “he will not cause his voice to be heard in the street.”
[42:3] 95 sn The “crushed reed” and “dim wick” symbolize the weak and oppressed who are on the verge of extinction.
[42:3] 96 tn Heb “faithfully he will bring out justice” (cf. NASB, NRSV).
[42:4] 97 tn For rhetorical effect the terms used to describe the “crushed (רָצַץ, ratsats) reed” and “dim (כָּהָה, kahah) wick” in v. 3 are repeated here.
[42:4] 98 tn Or “islands” (NIV); NLT “distant lands beyond the sea.”
[42:4] 99 tn Or “his law” (KJV, ASV, NASB, NIV) or “his instruction” (NLT).
[42:5] 100 tn Heb “the God.” The definite article here indicates distinctiveness or uniqueness.
[42:5] 101 tn Heb “and its offspring” (so NASB); NIV “all that comes out of it.”
[42:5] 102 tn Heb “and spirit [i.e., “breath”] to the ones walking in it” (NAB, NASB, and NRSV all similar).
[42:6] 103 tn Heb “call you in righteousness.” The pronoun “you” is masculine singular, referring to the servant. See the note at 41:2.
[42:6] 104 tn The translation assumes the verb is derived from the root נָצַר (natsar, “protect”). Some prefer to derive it from the root יָצַר (yatsar, “form”).
[42:6] 105 tn Heb “a covenant of people.” A person cannot literally be a covenant; בְּרִית (bÿrit) is probably metonymic here, indicating a covenant mediator. The precise identity of עָם (’am, “people”) is uncertain. In v. 5 עָם refers to mankind, and the following reference to “nations” also favors this. But in 49:8, where the phrase בְּרִית עָם occurs again, Israel seems to be in view.
[42:6] 106 sn Light here symbolizes deliverance from bondage and oppression; note the parallelism in 49:6b and in 51:4-6.
[42:6] 107 tn Or “the Gentiles” (so KJV, ASV, NIV); the same Hebrew word can be translated “nations” or “Gentiles” depending on the context.
[42:7] 108 sn This does not refer to literal physical healing of the blind. As the next two lines suggest, this refers metonymically to freeing captives from their dark prisons where their eyes have grown unaccustomed to light.
[42:7] 109 sn This does not refer to hardened, dangerous criminals, who would have been executed for their crimes in ancient Near Eastern society. This verse refers to political prisoners or victims of social injustice.
[42:9] 110 tn Heb “the former things, look, they have come.”
[42:9] 111 tn Heb “before they sprout up, I cause you to hear.” The pronoun “you” is plural, referring to the people of Israel. In this verse “the former things” are the Lord’s earlier predictive oracles which have come to pass, while “the new things” are predicted events that have not yet begun to take place. “The former things” are earlier events in Israel’s history which God announced beforehand, such as the Exodus (see 43:16-18). “The new things” are the predictions about the servant (42:1-7). and may also include Cyrus’ conquests (41:25-27).
[42:10] 112 tn Heb “his praise.” The phrase stands parallel to “new song” in the previous line.
[42:10] 113 tn Heb “and its fullness”; NASB, NIV “and all that is in it.”
[42:10] 114 tn Or “islands” (NASB, NIV); NLT “distant coastlands.”
[42:12] 115 tn Heb “Let them ascribe to the Lord glory.”
[42:12] 116 tn Heb “and his praise in the coastlands [or “islands”] let them declare.”
[42:13] 117 tn Heb “like a man of war he stirs up zeal” (NIV similar).
[42:13] 118 tn Or perhaps, “he triumphs over his enemies” (cf. NIV); NLT “will crush all his enemies.”
[42:14] 119 tn Heb “silent” (so NASB, NIV, TEV, NLT); CEV “have held my temper.”
[42:14] 120 sn The imagery depicts the Lord as a warrior who is eager to fight and can no longer hold himself back from the attack.
[42:15] 121 tn Heb “I will dry up the mountains and hills.” The “mountains and hills” stand by synecdoche for the trees that grow on them. Some prefer to derive the verb from a homonymic root and translate, “I will lay waste.”
[42:15] 122 tc The Hebrew text reads, “I will turn streams into coastlands [or “islands”].” Scholars who believe that this reading makes little sense have proposed an emendation of אִיִּים (’iyyim, “islands”) to צִיּוֹת (tsiyyot, “dry places”; cf. NCV, NLT, TEV). However, since all the versions support the MT reading, there is insufficient grounds for an emendation here. Although the imagery of changing rivers into islands is somewhat strange, J. N. Oswalt describes this imagery against the backdrop of rivers of the Near East. The receding of these rivers at times occasioned the appearance of previously submerged islands (Isaiah [NICOT], 2:126).
[42:15] 123 sn The imagery of this verse, which depicts the Lord bringing a curse of infertility to the earth, metaphorically describes how the Lord will destroy his enemies.
[42:16] 124 tn Heb “a way they do not know” (so NASB); NRSV “a road they do not know.”
[42:16] 125 tn Heb “in paths they do not know I will make them walk.”
[42:16] 126 tn Heb “and the rough ground into a level place.”
[42:17] 127 tn Heb “be ashamed with shame”; ASV, NASB “be utterly put to shame.”
[42:18] 128 tn Heb “look to see”; NAB, NCV “look and see”; NRSV “look up and see.”
[42:19] 129 tc The precise meaning of מְשֻׁלָּם (mÿshullam) in this context is uncertain. In later biblical Hebrew the form (which appears to be a Pual participle from the root שָׁלַם, shalam) occurs as a proper name, Meshullam. The Pual of שָׁלַם (“be complete”) is attested with the meaning “repaid, requited,” but that makes little sense here. BDB 1023 s.v. שָׁלַם relates the form to the denominative verb שָׁלַם (“be at peace”) and paraphrases “one in a covenant of peace” (J. N. Oswalt suggests “the covenanted one”; Isaiah [NICOT], 2:128, n. 59) Some emend the form to מֹשְׁלָם (moshÿlam, “their ruler”) or to מְשֻׁלָּחִי (mÿshullakhi, “my sent [or “commissioned”] one”), which fits nicely in the parallelism (note “my messenger” in the previous line). The translation above assumes an emendation to כְּמוֹ שֹׁלְמִי (kÿmo sholÿmi, “like my ally”). Isaiah uses כְּמוֹ in 30:22 and perhaps 51:5; for שֹׁלְמי (“my ally”) see Ps 7:5 HT (7:4 ET).
[42:19] 130 tn Heb “Who is blind but my servant, and deaf like my messenger I send? Who is blind like my commissioned one, blind like the servant of the Lord?” The point of the rhetorical questions is that no one is as blind/deaf as this servant. In this context the Lord’s “servant” is exiled Israel (cf. 41:8-9), which is spiritually blind and deaf and has failed to fulfill God’s purpose for it. This servant stands in contrast to the ideal “Israel” of the servant songs.
[42:20] 131 tn The consonantal text (Kethib) has a perfect, 2nd person masculine singular; the marginal reading (Qere) has an infinitive absolute, which functions here as a finite verb.
[42:20] 132 tn Heb “but you do not guard [i.e., retain in your memory]”; NIV “but have paid no attention.”
[42:21] 133 tn Heb “The Lord was pleased for the sake of his righteousness [or “justice”], he was magnifying [the] law and was making [it] glorious.” The Lord contrasts his good intentions for the people with their present crisis (v. 22). To demonstrate his just character and attract the nations, the Lord wanted to showcase his law among and through Israel (Deut 4:5-8). But Israel disobeyed (v. 24) and failed to carry out their commission.
[42:22] 134 tc The Hebrew text has בַּחוּרִים (bakhurim, “young men”), but the text should be emended to בְּהוֹרִים (bÿhorim, “in holes”).
[42:22] 135 tn Heb “and made to be hidden”; NAB, NASB, NIV, TEV “hidden away in prisons.”
[42:22] 136 tn Heb “they became loot and there was no one rescuing, plunder and there was no one saying, ‘Bring back’.”
[42:23] 137 tn The interrogative particle is understood in the second line by ellipsis (note the preceding line).
[42:24] 138 tn Heb “Who gave to the robber Jacob, and Israel to the looters?” In the first line the consonantal text (Kethib) has מְשׁוֹסֶה (mÿshoseh), a Polel participle from שָׁסָה (shasah, “plunder”). The marginal reading (Qere) is מְשִׁיסָּה (mÿshissah), a noun meaning “plunder.” In this case one could translate “Who handed Jacob over as plunder?”
[42:24] 139 tn Heb “they were not willing in his ways to walk, and they did not listen to his law.”
[42:25] 140 tn Heb “strength” (so KJV, NASB); NAB “fury”; NASB “fierceness”; NIV “violence.”
[42:25] 141 tn Heb “and it blazed against him all around, but he did not know.” The subject of the third feminine singular verb “blazed” is the divine חֵמָה (khemah, “anger”) mentioned in the previous line.
[42:25] 142 tn Heb “and it burned against him, but he did not set [it] upon [the] heart.”
[43:1] 143 tn Or “redeem.” See the note at 41:14. Cf. NCV “saved you”; CEV “rescued you”; NLT “ransomed you.”
[43:2] 144 tn The verb is understood by ellipsis (note the preceding line).
[43:2] 145 tn Heb “burn” (so NASB); NAB, NRSV, NLT “consume”; NIV “set you ablaze.”
[43:3] 146 sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.
[43:3] 147 sn Seba is not the same as Sheba in southern Arabia; cf. Gen 1:10; 1 Chr 1:9.
[43:4] 148 tn Heb “Since you are precious in my eyes and you are honored.”
[43:7] 149 tn Heb “everyone who is called by my name” (so NASB, NIV, NRSV).
[43:9] 150 tn Heb “and the former things was causing us to hear?”
[43:10] 151 tn Or “know” (KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV).
[43:10] 152 tn Heb “and after me, there will not be”; NASB “there will be none after Me.”
[43:13] 153 tn Heb “hand” (so KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV); NLT “No one can oppose what I do.”
[43:14] 154 tn Or “kinsman redeemer.” See the note at 41:14.
[43:14] 155 sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.
[43:14] 156 tn Heb “and I bring down [as] fugitives all of them.”
[43:14] 157 tn The Hebrew text reads literally, “as for the Babylonians, in ships their joyful shout.” This might be paraphrased, “even the Babylonians in the ships [over which] they joyfully shouted.” The point would be that the Lord caused the Babylonians to flee for safety in the ships in which they took such great pride. A slight change in vocalization yields the reading “into mourning songs,” which provides a good contrast with “joyful shout.” The prefixed bet (בְּ) would indicate identity.
[43:15] 158 sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.
[43:17] 159 tn Heb “led out chariots and horses.” The words “to destruction” are supplied in the translation for clarification. The verse refers to the destruction of the Egyptians at the Red Sea.
[43:17] 160 tn Heb “lay down”; NAB “lie prostrate together”; CEV “lie dead”; NRSV “they lie down.”
[43:18] 161 tn Heb “the former things” (so KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV); NLT “forget all that.”
[43:19] 162 tn Heb “sprouts up”; NASB “will spring forth.”
[43:19] 163 tn Or “know” (KJV, ASV); NASB “be aware of”; NAB, NIV, NRSV “perceive.”
[43:19] 164 tn The Hebrew texts has “streams,” probably under the influence of v. 20. The Qumran scroll 1QIsaa has נתיבות (“paths”).
[43:21] 165 tn Heb “[so] they might declare my praise.”
[43:22] 166 tn Or “strive”; KJV, ASV, NRSV “been weary of me.”
[43:23] 167 tn Heb “with.” The words “by demanding” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[43:24] 168 tn That is, “calamus” (so NIV); NCV, TEV, NLT “incense”; CEV “spices.”
[43:24] 169 tn Heb “you did not saturate me”; NASB “Neither have you filled Me.”
[43:24] 170 sn In vv. 22-24 the Lord appears to be condemning his people for failure to bring the proper sacrifices. However, this is problematic. If this refers to the nation’s behavior while in exile, such cultic service was impossible and could hardly be expected by the Lord. If this refers to the nation’s conduct before the exile, it contradicts other passages that depict Israel as bringing excessive sacrifices (see, e.g., Isa 1:11-14; Jer 6:20; Amos 4:4-5, 5:21-23). Rather than being a condemnation of Israel’s failure to bring sacrifices, these verses are better taken as a highly rhetorical comment on the worthlessness of Israel’s religious ritual. They may have brought sacrifices, but not to the Lord, for he did not accept them or even want them. See C. R. North, Second Isaiah, 127, and R. Whybray, Isaiah 40-66 (NCBC), 91.
[43:26] 171 tn Heb “you, tell in order that you may be right”; NAB “prove your innocence.”
[43:27] 172 tn Heb “your first father.” This could refer to Abraham (see 51:2), but elsewhere in Isaiah he does not appear in a negative light (see 29:22; 41:8; 63:16). A more likely candidate is Jacob/Israel, also referred to as the nation’s “father” elsewhere (see 58:14; 63:16).
[43:27] 173 tn On the meaning of the term לִיץ (lits), see HALOT 590 s.v. מֵלִיץ. This may refer to the nation’s prophets, priests, and/or kings.
[43:28] 174 tn The word “subjected” is supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[44:2] 175 sn Jeshurun is a poetic name for Israel; it occurs here and in Deut 32:15; 33:5, 26.
[44:3] 176 tn Heb “the thirsty.” Parallelism suggests that dry ground is in view (see “dry land” in the next line.)
[44:3] 177 tn Heb “and streams”; KJV “floods.” The verb “cause…to flow” is supplied in the second line for clarity and for stylistic reasons.
[44:4] 178 tn The Hebrew term בֵין (ven) is usually taken as a preposition, in which case one might translate, “among the grass.” But בֵין is probably the name of a tree (cf. C. R. North, Second Isaiah, 133). If one alters the preposition bet (בְּ) to kaf (כְּ), one can then read, “like a binu-tree.” (The Qumran scroll 1QIsaa supports this reading.) This forms a nice parallel to “like poplars” in the next line. חָצִיר (khatsir) is functioning as an adverbial accusative of location.
[44:5] 179 tn The Hebrew text has a Qal verb form, “and another will call by the name of Jacob.” With support from Symmachus (an ancient Greek textual witness), some read the Niphal, “and another will be called by the name of Jacob.”
[44:5] 180 tn Heb “and by the name of Israel he will title.” Some, with support from several ancient versions, prefer to change the Piel (active) verb form to a Pual (passive), “and he will be titled by the name of Israel.”
[44:6] 181 tn Heb “his kinsman redeemer.” See the note at 41:14.
[44:7] 182 tn Heb “let him call” or “let him proclaim” (so NASB, NIV, NRSV); NAB “Let him stand up and speak.”
[44:7] 183 tc The Hebrew text reads, “from (the time) I established an ancient people, and the coming things.” Various emendations have been proposed. One of the options assumes the reading מַשְׁמִיעִים מֵעוֹלָם אוֹתִיּוֹת (mashmi’im me’olam ’otiyyot); This literally reads “the ones causing to hear from antiquity coming things,” but more idiomatically would read “as for those who predict from antiquity what will happen” (cf. NAB, NEB, REB). The emendation directs the attention of the reader to those who claim to be able to predict the future, challenging them to actually do what they claim they can do. The MT presents Yahweh as an example to whom these alleged “predictors of the future” can compare themselves. Since the ancient versions are unanimous in their support of the MT, the emendations should be set aside.
[44:7] 184 tn Heb and those things which are coming let them declare for themselves.”
[44:8] 185 tn BDB 923 s.v. רָהָה derives this verb from an otherwise unattested root, while HALOT 403 s.v. יָרָה defines it as “be stupefied” on the basis of an Arabic cognate. The form is likely a corruption of תיראו, the reading attested in the Qumran scroll 1QIsaa.
[44:8] 186 tn Heb “rock” or “rocky cliff,” a title that depicts God as a protective refuge in his role as sovereign king; thus the translation “sheltering rock.”
[44:10] 187 tn The rhetorical question is sarcastic. The sense is, “Who is foolish enough…?”
[44:11] 188 tn The pronoun “his” probably refers to the one who forms/casts an idol (v. 10), in which case it refers to the craftsman’s associates in the idol-manufacturing guild.
[44:11] 189 sn The point seems to be this: If the idols are the mere products of human hands, then those who trust in them will be disappointed, for man-made gods are incapable of helping their “creators.”
[44:12] 190 tn The noun מַעֲצָד (ma’atsad), which refers to some type of tool used for cutting, occurs only here and in Jer 10:3. See HALOT 615 s.v. מַעֲצָד.
[44:12] 191 tn Some English versions take the pronoun “it” to refer to an idol being fashioned by the blacksmith (cf. NIV, NCV, CEV). NLT understands the referent to be “a sharp tool,” which is then used by the carpenter in the following verse to carve an idol from wood.
[44:12] 192 tn Heb “and there is no strength”; NASB “his strength fails.”
[44:13] 193 tn Heb “stretches out a line” (ASV similar); NIV “measures with a line.”
[44:13] 194 tn Heb “he makes an outline with the [?].” The noun שֶׂרֶד (shered) occurs only here; it apparently refers to some type of tool or marker. Cf. KJV “with a line”; ASV “with a pencil”; NAB, NRSV “with a stylus”; NASB “with red chalk”; NIV “with a marker.”
[44:13] 195 tn Heb “works” (so NASB) or “fashions” (so NRSV); NIV “he roughs it out.”
[44:13] 196 tn Heb “he makes it like the pattern of a man”; NAB “like a man in appearance.”
[44:13] 197 tn Heb “like the glory of man to sit [in] a house”; NIV “that it may dwell in a shrine.”
[44:14] 198 tn It is not certain what type of tree this otherwise unattested noun refers to. Cf. ASV “a holm-tree” (NRSV similar).
[44:14] 199 tn Heb “strengthens for himself,” i.e., “secures for himself” (see BDB 55 s.v. אָמֵץ Pi.2).
[44:14] 200 tn Some prefer to emend אֹרֶן (’oren) to אֶרֶז (’erez, “cedar”), but the otherwise unattested noun appears to have an Akkadian cognate, meaning “cedar.” See H. R. Cohen, Biblical Hapax Legomena (SBLDS), 44-45. HALOT 90 s.v. I אֹרֶן offers the meaning “laurel.”
[44:15] 201 tn Heb “and it becomes burning [i.e., firewood] for a man”; NAB “to serve man for fuel.”
[44:15] 202 tn Or perhaps, “them.”
[44:16] 203 tn Heb “eats” (so NASB); NAB, NRSV “roasts.”
[44:18] 204 tn Heb “for their eyes are smeared over so they cannot see, so their heart cannot be wise.”
[44:19] 205 tn There is no formal interrogative sign here, but the context seems to indicate these are rhetorical questions. See GKC 473 §150.a.
[44:20] 206 tn Or perhaps, “he eats on an ash heap.”
[44:20] 207 tn Heb “Is it not a lie in my right hand?”
[44:21] 208 tc The verb in the Hebrew text is a Niphal imperfect with a pronominal suffix. Although the Niphal ordinarily has the passive sense, it can have a reflexive nuance as well (see above translation). Some have suggested an emendation to a Qal form: “Do not forget me” (all the ancient versions, NEB, REB; see GKC 369 §117.x). “Do not forget me” would make a good parallel with “remember these things” in the first line. Since the MT is the harder reading and fits with Israel’s complaint that God had forgotten her (Isa 40:27), the MT reading should be retained (NASB, NKJV, NRSV, ESV). The passive has been rendered as an active in the translation in keeping with contemporary English style (so also NIV, NCV, TEV, NLT).
[44:22] 209 tn Heb “I blot out like a cloud your rebellious deeds, and like a cloud your sins.” “Rebellious deeds” and “sins” stand by metonymy for the guilt they produce. Both עָב (’av) and עָנָן (’anan) refer to the clouds in the sky. It is tempting for stylistic purposes to translate the second with “fog” or “mist” (cf. NAB, NRSV “cloud…mist”; NIV “cloud…morning mist”; NLT “morning mists…clouds”), but this distinction between the synonyms is unwarranted here. The point of the simile seems to be this: The Lord forgives their sins, causing them to vanish just as clouds disappear from the sky (see Job 7:9; 30:15).
[44:22] 210 tn Heb “redeem.” See the note at 41:14.
[44:23] 211 tn Heb “acts”; NASB, NRSV “has done it”; NLT “has done this wondrous thing.”
[44:23] 212 tn Heb “lower regions.” This refers to Sheol and forms a merism with “sky” in the previous line. See Pss 63:9; 71:20.
[44:23] 213 tn Heb “O forest and all the trees in it”; NASB, NRSV “and every tree in it.”
[44:23] 214 tn Heb “redeems.” See the note at 41:14.
[44:23] 215 tn That is, by delivering Israel. Cf. NCV “showed his glory when he saved Israel”; TEV “has shown his greatness by saving his people Israel.”
[44:24] 216 tn Heb “your redeemer.” See the note at 41:14.
[44:24] 217 tn The consonantal text (Kethib) has “Who [was] with me?” The marginal reading (Qere) is “from with me,” i.e., “by myself.” See BDB 87 s.v. II אֵת 4.c.
[44:25] 218 tc The Hebrew text has בַּדִּים (baddim), perhaps meaning “empty talkers” (BDB 95 s.v. III בַּד). In the four other occurrences of this word (Job 11:3; Isa 16:6; Jer 48:30; 50:36) the context does not make the meaning of the term very clear. Its primary point appears to be that the words spoken are meaningless or false. In light of its parallelism with “omen readers,” some have proposed an emendation to בָּרִים (barim, “seers”). The Mesopotamian baru-priests were divination specialists who played an important role in court life. See R. Wilson, Prophecy and Society in Ancient Israel, 93-98. Rather than supporting an emendation, J. N. Oswalt (Isaiah [NICOT], 2:189, n. 79) suggests that Isaiah used בַּדִּים purposively as a derisive wordplay on the Akkadian word baru (in light of the close similarity of the d and r consonants).
[44:25] 219 tn Or “makes fools of” (NIV, NRSV); NAB and NASB both similar.
[44:25] 220 tn Heb “who turns back the wise” (so NRSV); NIV “overthrows the learning of the wise”; TEV “The words of the wise I refute.”
[44:25] 221 tn Heb “their knowledge” (so KJV, NAB, NASB, NRSV).
[44:26] 222 tn Heb “the word of his servant.” The following context indicates that the Lord’s prophets are in view.
[44:26] 223 tn Heb “counsel.” The Hebrew term עֵצָה (’etsah) probably refers here to the divine plan as announced by the prophets. See HALOT 867 s.v. I עֵצָה.
[44:26] 224 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[44:28] 225 tn Heb “says to.” It is possible that the sentence is not completed, as the description of Cyrus and his God-given role is developed in the rest of the verse. 45:1 picks up where 44:28a leaves off with the Lord’s actual words to Cyrus finally being quoted in 45:2.
[44:28] 226 tn Heb “my shepherd.” The shepherd motif is sometimes applied, as here, to a royal figure who is responsible for the well-being of the people whom he rules.
[44:28] 227 tn Heb “that he might bring to completion all my desire.”
[44:28] 228 tn Heb “and [concerning the] temple, you will be founded.” The preposition -לְ (lÿ) is understood by ellipsis at the beginning of the second line. The verb תִּוָּסֵד (tivvased, “you will be founded”) is second masculine singular and is probably addressed to the personified temple (הֵיכָל [hekhal, “temple”] is masculine).
[45:1] 229 tn Heb “anointed” (so KJV, NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT); NCV “his appointed king.”
[45:1] 230 sn The “right hand” is a symbol of activity and strength; the Lord directs Cyrus’ activities and assures his success.
[45:1] 231 tn Heb “and the belts of kings I will loosen”; NRSV “strip kings of their robes”; NIV “strip kings of their armor.”
[45:2] 232 tc The form הֲדוּרִים (hadurim) makes little, if any, sense here. It is probably a corruption of an original הָרָרִים (hararim, “mountains”), the reduplicated form of הָר (har, “mountain”).
[45:2] 233 tn That is, on the gates. Cf. CEV “break the iron bars on bronze gates.”
[45:3] 234 tn Heb “treasures of darkness” (KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV); TEV “treasures from dark, secret places.”
[45:4] 235 tn Or “know” (NCV, NRSV, TEV, NLT); NIV “acknowledge.”
[45:5] 236 tn Heb “and there is none besides.” On the use of עוֹד (’od) here, see BDB 729 s.v. 1.c.
[45:5] 237 tn Heb “gird you” (so NASB) or “strengthen you” (so NIV).
[45:5] 238 tn Or “know” (NAB, NCV, NRSV, TEV, CEV, NLT); NIV “have not acknowledged.”
[45:6] 239 tn The words “I do this” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[45:6] 240 tn Heb “they” (so KJV, ASV); TEV, CEV “everyone”; NLT “all the world.”
[45:7] 241 tn The words “I am” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons. In the Hebrew text the participle at the beginning of v. 7 stands in apposition to “the Lord” in v. 6.
[45:7] 242 tn On the surface v. 7a appears to describe God’s sovereign control over the cycle of day and night, but the following statement suggests that “light” and “darkness” symbolize “deliverance” and “judgment.”
[45:7] 243 sn This verses affirms that God is ultimately sovereign over his world, including mankind and nations. In accordance with his sovereign will, he can cause wars to cease and peace to predominate (as he was about to do for his exiled people through Cyrus), or he can bring disaster and judgment on nations (as he was about to do to Babylon through Cyrus).
[45:8] 244 tn Heb “let the clouds drip with”; KJV “let the skies pour down.”
[45:8] 245 tn Heb “open up” (so NASB); NIV, NLT “open wide.”
[45:8] 246 tc The plural verb should be emended to a singular form. The vav (ו) ending is probably virtually dittographic (note the yod at the beginning of the following word).
[45:8] 247 tc The Hiphil verb form (תַצְמִיחַ, tatsmiakh) should probably be emended to a Qal (תִצְמַח, titsmakh). The יח sequence at the end of the form is probably due to dittography (note the following יַחַד, yakhad).
[45:8] 248 tn The masculine singular pronominal suffix probably refers back to יָשַׁע (yasha’, “salvation”).
[45:9] 249 tn Heb “Woe [to] the one who argues with the one who formed him.”
[45:9] 250 tn The words “one who is like a mere” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons and clarification.
[45:9] 251 tn Heb “Should the clay say to the one who forms it?” The rhetorical question anticipates a reply, “Of course not!”
[45:9] 252 tn The words “in the world” are supplied in the translation to approximate in English idiom the force of the sarcastic question.
[45:9] 253 tn Heb “your work, there are no hands for it,” i.e., “your work looks like something made by a person who has no hands.”
[45:10] 254 tn Heb “Woe [to] one who says” (NASB and NIV both similar); NCV “How terrible it will be.”
[45:10] 255 tn See the note at v. 9. This phrase occurs a second time later in this verse.
[45:10] 256 sn Verses 9-10 may allude to the exiles’ criticism that the Lord does not appear to know what he is doing.
[45:11] 257 sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.
[45:11] 258 tc The Hebrew text reads “the one who formed him, the coming things.” Among various suggestions, some have proposed an emendation of יֹצְרוֹ (yotsÿro, “the one who formed him”) to יֹצֵר (yotser, “the one who forms”; the suffixed form in the Hebrew text may be influenced by vv. 9-10, where the same form appears twice) and takes “coming things” as the object of the participle (either objective genitive or accusative): “the one who brings the future into being.”
[45:11] 259 tn Heb “Ask me” The rhetorical command sarcastically expresses the Lord’s disgust with those who question his ways.
[45:11] 260 tn Heb “Do you command me about…?” The rhetorical question sarcastically expresses the Lord’s disgust with those who question his ways.
[45:12] 261 tn The words “who live” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[45:12] 262 tn Heb “I, even my hands”; NASB “I stretched out…with My hands”; NRSV “it was my hands that stretched out.” The same construction occurs at the beginning of v. 13.
[45:12] 263 tn Or “the heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heavens” or “sky” depending on the context.
[45:12] 264 tn Heb “and to all their host I commanded.” See the notes at 40:26.
[45:13] 265 tn Heb “I stir him up in righteousness”; NASB “I have aroused him.” See the note at 41:2. Cyrus (cf. 44:28) is in view here.
[45:14] 266 tn Heb “labor,” which stands metonymically for the fruits of labor, either “monetary profit,” or “products.”
[45:14] 267 tn Or perhaps, “merchandise” (so KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV); NAB “the gain of Ethiopia”; CEV “the treasures of Ethiopia.”
[45:14] 268 tn Heb “they will pass over to you”; NASB, NIV “will come over to you”; CEV “will belong to you.”
[45:14] 269 sn Restored Israel is depicted here in typical ancient Near Eastern fashion as an imperial power that receives riches and slaves as tribute.
[45:14] 270 sn Israel’s vassals are portrayed as so intimidated and awed that they treat Israel as an intermediary to God or sub-deity.
[45:14] 271 tn Or perhaps, “among.” Cf. KJV, ASV “Surely God is in thee.”
[45:14] 272 tn Heb “there is no other” (so NIV, NRSV). The same phrase occurs at the end of v. 18, in v. 21, and at the end of v. 22.
[45:16] 273 tn “together they will walk in humiliation, the makers of images.”
[45:17] 274 tn Heb “Israel will be delivered by the Lord [with] a permanent deliverance.”
[45:17] 275 tn Heb “you will not be ashamed and you will not be humiliated for ages of future time.”
[45:18] 276 tn Heb “he [is] the God.” The article here indicates uniqueness.
[45:18] 277 tn Or “unformed.” Gen 1:2 describes the world as “unformed” (תֹהוּ, tohu) prior to God’s creative work, but God then formed the world and made it fit for habitation.
[45:19] 278 tn Heb “in a place of a land of darkness” (ASV similar); NASB “in some dark land.”
[45:19] 279 tn “In vain” translates תֹהוּ (tohu), used here as an adverbial accusative: “for nothing.”
[45:19] 280 tn The translation above assumes that צֶדֶק (tsedeq) and מֵישָׁרִים (mesharim) are adverbial accusatives (see 33:15). If they are taken as direct objects, indicating the content of what is spoken, one might translate, “who proclaims deliverance, who announces justice.”
[45:21] 281 tn Heb “Declare! Bring near!”; NASB “Declare and set forth your case.” See 41:21.
[45:21] 282 tn Or “a righteous God and deliverer”; NASB, NIV, NRSV “a righteous God and a Savior.”
[45:22] 283 tn The Niphal imperative with prefixed vav (ו) indicates purpose after the preceding imperative. The Niphal probably has a tolerative sense, “allow yourselves to be delivered, accept help.”
[45:23] 284 tn Heb “I swear by myself”; KJV, NASB “have sworn.”
[45:23] 285 tn Heb “a word goes out from my mouth [in] truth and will not return.”
[45:23] 286 tn Heb “swear” (so KJV, NAB, NIV, NRSV); NLT “confess allegiance.”
[45:24] 287 tn Heb “‘Yes, in the Lord,’ one says about me, ‘is deliverance and strength.’”
[45:24] 288 tn Heb “will come to him and be ashamed.”
[45:25] 289 tn Heb “In the Lord all the offspring of Israel will be vindicated and boast.”
[46:1] 290 sn Bel was the name of a Babylonian god. The name was originally associated with Enlil, but later was applied to Marduk. See HALOT 132 s.v. בֵּל.
[46:1] 291 sn Nebo is a variation of the name of the Babylonian god Nabu.
[46:1] 292 tn Heb “their images belong to animals and beasts”; NIV “their idols are borne by beasts of burden”; NLT “are being hauled away.”
[46:1] 293 tn Heb “your loads are carried [as] a burden by a weary [animal].”
[46:2] 294 tn Heb “[the] burden,” i.e., their images, the heavy burden carried by the animals.
[46:2] 295 tn נַפְשָׁם (nafsham, “their souls/lives”) is equivalent here to a third masculine plural suffix, but the third feminine singular verb הָלָכָה (halakhah, “they go”) agrees with the feminine noun נֶפֶשׁ (nefesh, “soul, life”).
[46:2] 296 sn The downfall of Babylon is depicted here. The idols are carried off by the victorious enemy; the gods are likened to defeated captives who cower before the enemy and are taken into exile.
[46:3] 297 tn Heb “house of Jacob”; TEV “descendants of Jacob.”
[46:3] 298 tn Heb “and all the remnant of the house of Israel.”
[46:3] 299 tn Heb “from the womb” (so NRSV); KJV “from the belly”; NAB “from your infancy.”
[46:3] 300 tn Heb “who have been lifted up from the womb.”
[46:4] 301 tn Heb “until old age, I am he” (NRSV similar); NLT “I will be your God throughout your lifetime.”
[46:4] 302 sn Unlike the weary idol gods, whose images must be carried by animals, the Lord carries his weary people.
[46:6] 303 tn Heb “the reed,” probably referring to the beam of a scales. See BDB 889 s.v. קָנֶה 4.c.
[46:7] 304 tn Or perhaps, “cannot,” here and in the following two lines. The imperfect forms can indicate capability.
[46:8] 305 tn The meaning of the verb אָשַׁשׁ (’ashash, which appears here in the Hitpolel stem) is uncertain. BDB 84 s.v. אשׁשׁ relates it to a root meaning “found, establish” in Arabic; HALOT 100 s.v. II אשׁשׁ gives the meaning “pluck up courage.” The imperative with vav (ו) may indicate purpose following the preceding imperative.
[46:8] 306 tn Heb “return [it], rebels, to heart”; NRSV “recall it to mind, you transgressors.”
[46:9] 307 tn Heb “remember the former things, from antiquity”; KJV, ASV “the former things of old.”
[46:9] 308 tn Heb “and there is no other” (so NASB, NIV, NRSV).
[46:10] 309 tn Or “from long ago”; KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV “from ancient times.”
[46:11] 310 tn Or, more generally, “a bird of prey” (so NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV; see 18:6).
[46:11] 311 tn Heb “spoken”; KJV “I have spoken it.”
[46:12] 312 tn Heb “strong of heart [or, mind]”; KJV “stouthearted”; NAB “fainthearted”; NIV “stubborn-hearted.”
[46:12] 313 tn Heb “who are far from righteousness [or perhaps, “deliverance”].”
[46:13] 314 tn Heb “my salvation.” The verb “I am bringing near” is understood by ellipsis (note the previous line).
[46:13] 315 tn Heb “I will place in Zion salvation”; NASB “I will grant salvation in Zion.”
[46:13] 316 tn Heb “to Israel my splendor”; KJV, ASV “for Israel my glory.”
[47:1] 317 tn בְּתוּלַה (bÿtulah) often refers to a virgin, but the phrase “virgin daughter” is apparently stylized (see also 23:12; 37:22). In the extended metaphor of this chapter, where Babylon is personified as a queen (vv. 5, 7), she is depicted as being both a wife and mother (vv. 8-9).
[47:1] 318 tn Or “For” (NASB, NRSV).
[47:3] 319 tn Heb “Your shame will be seen.” In this context “shame” is a euphemism referring to the genitals.
[47:3] 320 tn Heb “I will not meet a man.” The verb פָּגַע (pagah) apparently carries the nuance “meet with kindness” here (cf. 64:5, and see BDB 803 s.v. Qal.2).
[47:4] 321 tc The Hebrew text reads, “Our redeemer – the Lord who commands armies [traditionally, the Lord of hosts] is his name, the Holy One of Israel.” The ancient Greek version adds “says” before “our redeemer.” אָמַר (’amar) may have accidentally dropped from the text by virtual haplography. Note that the preceding word אָדָם (’adam) is graphically similar.
[47:4] sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.
[47:5] 322 tn Heb “darkness,” which may indicate a place of hiding where a fugitive would seek shelter and protection.
[47:5] 323 tn Or “For” (NASB, NRSV).
[47:6] 324 tn Or “compassion.”
[47:6] 325 tn Heb “on the old you made very heavy your yoke.”
[47:7] 326 tn Heb “Forever I [will be] permanent queen”; NIV “the eternal queen”; CEV “queen forever.”
[47:7] 327 tn Heb “you did not set these things upon your heart [or “mind”].”
[47:7] 328 tn Heb “you did not remember its outcome”; NAB “you disregarded their outcome.”
[47:8] 329 tn Or perhaps, “voluptuous one” (NAB); NAB “you sensual one”; NLT “You are a pleasure-crazy kingdom.”
[47:8] 330 tn Heb “the one who says in her heart.”
[47:8] 331 tn Heb “I [am], and besides me there is no other.” See Zeph 2:15.
[47:8] 332 tn Heb “I will not live [as] a widow, and I will not know loss of children.”
[47:9] 333 tn Heb “loss of children and widowhood.” In the Hebrew text the phrase is in apposition to “both of these” in line 1.
[47:9] 334 tn Heb “according to their fullness, they will come upon you.”
[47:9] 335 tn For other examples of the preposition bet (בְּ) having the sense of “although, despite,” see BDB 90 s.v. III.7.
[47:9] 336 sn Reference is made to incantations and amulets, both of which were important in Mesopotamian religion. They were used to ward off danger and demons.
[47:10] 337 tn Heb “you trusted in your evil”; KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV “wickedness.”
[47:10] 338 tn Or “said”; NAB “said to yourself”’ NASB “said in your heart.”
[47:10] 339 tn The words “self-professed” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[47:10] 340 tn See the note at v. 8.
[47:11] 341 tc The Hebrew text has שַׁחְרָהּ (shakhrah), which is either a suffixed noun (“its dawning,” i.e., origin) or infinitive (“to look early for it”). Some have suggested an emendation to שַׁחֲדָהּ (shakhadah), a suffixed infinitive from שָׁחַד (shakhad, “[how] to buy it off”; see BDB 1005 s.v. שָׁחַד). This forms a nice parallel with the following couplet. The above translation is based on a different etymology of the verb in question. HALOT 1466 s.v. III שׁחר references a verbal root with these letters (שׁחד) that refers to magical activity.
[47:11] 342 tn Heb “you will not know”; NIV “you cannot foresee.”
[47:12] 343 tn Heb “stand” (so KJV, ASV); NASB, NRSV “Stand fast.”
[47:12] 344 tn The word “trusting” is supplied in the translation for clarification. See v. 9.
[47:12] 345 tn Heb “in that which you have toiled.”
[47:12] 346 tn Heb “maybe you will be able to profit.”
[47:12] 347 tn Heb “maybe you will cause to tremble.” The object “disaster” is supplied in the translation for clarification. See the note at v. 9.
[47:13] 348 tn Heb “you are tired because of the abundance of your advice.”
[47:13] 349 tn Heb “let them stand and rescue you – the ones who see omens in the sky, who gaze at the stars, who make known by months – from those things which are coming upon you.”
[47:14] 350 tn Heb “hand,” here a metaphor for the strength or power of the flames.
[47:14] 351 tn The Hebrew text reads literally, “there is no coal [for?] their food, light to sit before it.” Some emend לַחְמָם (lakhmam, “their food”) to לְחֻמָּם (lÿkhummam, “to warm them”; see HALOT 328 s.v. חמם). This statement may allude to Isa 44:16, where idolaters are depicted warming themselves over a fire made from wood, part of which was used to form idols. The fire of divine judgment will be no such campfire; its flames will devour and destroy.
[47:15] 352 tn Heb “So they will be to you”; NIV “That is all they can do for you.”
[47:15] 353 tn Heb “that for which you toiled, your traders from your youth.” The omen readers and star gazers are likened to merchants with whom Babylon has had an ongoing economic relationship.
[47:15] 354 tn Heb “each to his own side, they err.”
[48:1] 355 tn Heb “house of Jacob”; TEV, CEV “people of Israel.”
[48:1] 356 tc The Hebrew text reads literally “and from the waters of Judah came out.” מִמֵּי (mimme) could be a corruption of מִמְּעֵי (mimmÿ’e, “from the inner parts of”; cf. NASB, NIV, NLT, NRSV) as suggested in the above translation. Some translations (ESV, NKJV) retain the MT reading because the Qumran scroll 1QIsaa, which corrects a similar form to “from inner parts of” in 39:7, does not do it here.
[48:1] 357 tn Heb “cause to remember”; KJV, ASV “make mention of.”
[48:1] 358 tn Heb “not in truth and not in righteousness.”
[48:2] 359 tn Heb “they call themselves [or “are called”] from the holy city.” The precise meaning of the statement is uncertain. The Niphal of קָרָא (qara’) is combined with the preposition מִן (min) only here. When the Qal of קָרָא is used with מִן, the preposition often indicates the place from which one is summoned (see 46:11). So one could translate, “from the holy city they are summoned,” meaning that they reside there.
[48:2] 360 tn Heb “lean on” (so NASB, NRSV); NAB, NIV “rely on.”
[48:3] 361 tn Heb “the former things beforehand I declared.”
[48:3] 362 tn Heb “and from my mouth they came forth and I caused them to be heard.”
[48:4] 363 tn The words “I did this” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons. In the Hebrew text v. 4 is subordinated to v. 3.
[48:4] 364 sn The image is that of a person who has tensed the muscles of the face and neck as a sign of resolute refusal.
[48:6] 365 tn Heb “gaze [at] all of it”; KJV “see all this.”
[48:6] 366 tn Heb “[as for] you, will you not declare?”
[48:6] 367 tn Heb “and hidden things, and you do not know them.”
[48:7] 368 tn Heb “are created” (so KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV); NLT “They are brand new.”
[48:7] 369 tn Heb “look”; KJV, NASB “Behold.”
[48:8] 370 tn Heb “beforehand your ear did not open.”
[48:8] 371 tn Heb “deceiving, you deceive.” The infinitive absolute precedes the finite verb for emphasis.
[48:8] 372 tn Or “called” (KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV).
[48:9] 373 tn Heb “for the sake of my name” (so NAB, NASB); NLT “for my own sake.”
[48:9] 374 tn Heb “and my praise.” לְמַעַן (lÿma’an, “for the sake of”) is understood by ellipsis (note the preceding line).
[48:9] 375 tn Heb “I restrain [myself] concerning you not to cut you off.”
[48:10] 376 tc The Hebrew text has בְּחַרְתִּיךָ (bÿkhartikha, “I have chosen you”), but the Qumran scroll 1QIsaa reads correctly בחנתיכה (“I have tested you”). The metallurgical background of the imagery suggests that purification through testing is the idea.
[48:11] 377 tn The Hebrew text repeats לְמַעֲנִי (lÿma’ani, “for my sake”) for emphasis.
[48:11] 378 tn The Hebrew text reads literally, “for how can it be defiled?” The subject of the verb is probably “name” (v. 9).
[48:12] 380 tn Heb “I [am] he, I [am the] first, also I [am the] last.”
[48:14] 381 sn This probably refers to the idol gods (see v. 5).
[48:14] 382 tn Or “friend,” or “covenant partner.”
[48:14] sn The
[48:14] 383 tn Heb “and his arm [against] the Babylonians.”
[48:15] 384 tn Heb “and his way will be prosperous.”
[48:16] 385 tn Heb “from the time of its occurring.”
[48:16] 386 sn The speaker here is not identified specifically, but he is probably Cyrus, the Lord’s “ally” mentioned in vv. 14-15.
[48:17] 387 tn Heb “your redeemer.” See the note at 41:14.
[48:17] 388 sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.
[48:18] 389 tn Heb “paid attention to” (so NASB, NIV, NRSV); TEV “had listened to.”
[48:18] 390 tn Heb “like a river your peace would have been.” שָׁלוֹם (shalom) probably refers here to the peace and prosperity which God promised in return for obedience to the covenant.
[48:18] 391 tn Heb “and your righteousness like the waves of the sea.” צְדָקָה (tsÿdaqah) probably refers here to divine deliverance from enemies. See v. 19.
[48:19] 392 tn Heb “like sand”; NCV “as many as the grains of sand.”
[48:19] 393 tn Heb “and the issue from your inner parts.”
[48:19] 394 tn Heb “and his name would not be cut off and would not be destroyed from before me.”
[48:20] 395 tn Heb “to the end of the earth” (so KJV, NASB, NRSV).
[48:20] 396 tn Heb “redeems.” See the note at 41:14.
[48:21] 397 sn The translation above (present tense) assumes that this verse describes God’s provision for returning Babylonian exiles (see v. 20; 35:6; 49:10) in terms reminiscent of the Exodus from Egypt (see Exod 17:6).
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