Yehezkiel 27:14

27:14 Beth Togarmah exchanged horses, chargers, ¹  and mules for your products.

Kejadian 10:3

10:3 The sons of Gomer were ²  Askenaz, ³  Riphath, ⁴  and Togarmah. ⁵ 

Kejadian 10:1

The Table of Nations

10:1 This is the account ⁶  of Noah’s sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Sons ⁷  were born ⁸  to them after the flood.

Kejadian 1:6

1:6 God said, “Let there be an expanse ⁹  in the midst of the waters and let it separate water ¹⁰  from water.

Daniel 11:40

11:40 “At the time of the end the king of the south will attack ¹¹  him. Then the king of the north will storm against him ¹²  with chariots, horsemen, and a large armada of ships. ¹³  He ¹⁴  will invade lands, passing through them like an overflowing river. ¹⁵ 

[27:14]  ¹ tn The way in which these horses may have been distinguished from other horses is unknown. Cf. ASV “war-horses” (NASB, NIV, NRSV, CEV all similar); NLT “chariot horses.”

[10:3]  ² sn The descendants of Gomer were all northern tribes of the Upper Euphrates.

[10:3]  ³ sn Askenaz was the ancestor of a northern branch of Indo-Germanic tribes, possibly Scythians. For discussion see E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (SBA), 63.

[10:3]  ⁴ sn The descendants of Riphath lived in a district north of the road from Haran to Carchemish.

[10:3]  ⁵ sn Togarmah is also mentioned in Ezek 38:6, where it refers to Til-garimmu, the capital of Kammanu, which bordered Tabal in eastern Turkey. See E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (SBA), 26, n. 28.

[10:1]  ⁶ tn The title אֵלֶּה תּוֹלְדֹת (’elle tolÿdot, here translated as “This is the account”) here covers 10:1–11:9, which contains the so-called Table of Nations and the account of how the nations came to be dispersed.

[10:1]  ⁷ sn Sons were born to them. A vertical genealogy such as this encompasses more than the names of sons. The list includes cities, tribes, and even nations. In a loose way, the names in the list have some derivation or connection to the three ancestors.

[10:1]  ⁸ tn It appears that the Table of Nations is a composite of at least two ancient sources: Some sections begin with the phrase “the sons of” (בְּנֵי, bÿne) while other sections use “begot” (יָלָד, yalad). It may very well be that the “sons of” list was an old, “bare bones” list that was retained in the family records, while the “begot” sections were editorial inserts by the writer of Genesis, reflecting his special interests. See A. P. Ross, “The Table of Nations in Genesis 10 – Its Structure,” BSac 137 (1980): 340-53; idem, “The Table of Nations in Genesis 10 – Its Content,” BSac 138 (1981): 22-34.

[1:6]  ⁹ tn The Hebrew word refers to an expanse of air pressure between the surface of the sea and the clouds, separating water below from water above. In v. 8 it is called “sky.”

[1:6]  sn An expanse. In the poetic texts the writers envision, among other things, something rather strong and shiny, no doubt influencing the traditional translation “firmament” (cf. NRSV “dome”). Job 37:18 refers to the skies poured out like a molten mirror. Dan 12:3 and Ezek 1:22 portray it as shiny. The sky or atmosphere may have seemed like a glass dome. For a detailed study of the Hebrew conception of the heavens and sky, see L. I. J. Stadelmann, The Hebrew Conception of the World (AnBib), 37-60.

[1:6]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “the waters from the waters.”

[11:40]  ¹¹ tn Heb “engage in thrusting.”

[11:40]  ¹² tn The referent of the pronoun is most likely the king of the south, in which case the text describes the king of the north countering the attack of the king of the south.

[11:40]  ¹³ tn Heb “many ships.”

[11:40]  ¹⁴ tn This most likely refers to the king of the north who, in response to the aggression of the king of the south, launches an invasion of the southern regions.

[11:40]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “and will overflow and pass over.”