Hosea 2:20
Konteks2:20 I will commit myself to you in faithfulness;
then 1 you will acknowledge 2 the Lord.” 3
Hosea 4:16
Konteks4:16 Israel has rebelled 4 like a stubborn heifer!
Soon 5 the Lord will put them out to pasture
like a lamb in a broad field! 6
Hosea 4:18
Konteks4:18 They consume their alcohol,
then engage in cult prostitution;
they dearly love their shameful behavior.
Hosea 11:5
Konteks11:5 They will return to Egypt! 7
Assyria will rule over them 8
because they refuse to repent! 9
[2:20] 1 tn The vav consecutive on the suffix conjugation verb וְיָדַעַתְּ (véyada’at, “then you will know”) introduces a result clause (cf. NASB, CEV).
[2:20] 2 tn Or “know.” The term יָדַע (yada’, “know, acknowledge”) is often used in covenant contexts. It can refer to the suzerain’s acknowledgment of his covenant obligations to his vassal or to the vassal’s acknowledgment of his covenant obligations to his suzerain. When used in reference to a vassal, the verb “know” is metonymical (cause for effect) for “obey.” See H. Huffmann, “The Treaty Background of Hebrew ya„daà,” BASOR 181 (1966): 31-37.
[2:20] 3 tc The MT reads יְהוָה (yÿhvah, “the
[4:16] 4 tn The Hebrew verb “has rebelled” (סָרַר, sarar) can also mean “to be stubborn.” This is the same root used in the simile: “like a stubborn (סֹרֵרָה, sorerah) heifer.” The similarity between Israel and a stubborn heifer is emphasized by the repetition of the same term.
[4:16] 5 tn The particle עַתָּה (’attah) often refers to the imminent or the impending future: “very soon” (BDB 774 s.v. עַתָּה 1.b). In Hosea it normally introduces imminent judgment (Hos 2:12; 4:16; 5:7; 8:8, 13; 10:2).
[4:16] 6 tn Or “How can the
[11:5] 7 tc Or “Will they not return to Egypt?” (so NIV). Following the LXX and BHS, the MT לֹא (lo’, “not”) should probably be read as לוֹ (lo, “to him”) and connected to the end of 11:4 rather than the beginning of 11:5. The textual confusion between לֹא and לוֹ probably reflects an unintentional scribal error due to a mistake in hearing (cf., e.g., Kethib/Qere in Ps 100:3).
[11:5] 8 tn Heb “Assyria, he will be his [Israel’s] king” (NASB similar).
[11:5] 9 tn Heb “return” (so KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV). The root שׁוּב (shuv, “to turn, return”) appears at the beginning and ending of this verse, creating an inclusio. This repetition produces an ironic wordplay: because Israel refuses to “return” to God or “turn” from its sin, it will “return” to Egypt. The punishment fits the crime.