Imamat 1:10

Animal from the Flock

1:10 “‘If his offering is from the flock for a burnt offering ¹  – from the sheep or the goats – he must present a flawless male,

Imamat 3:6

Animal from the Flock

3:6 “‘If his offering for a peace offering sacrifice to the Lord is from the flock, he must present a flawless male or female. ² 

Imamat 5:6

5:6 and he must bring his penalty for guilt ³  to the Lord for his sin that he has committed, a female from the flock, whether a female sheep or a female goat, for a sin offering. So the priest will make atonement ⁴  on his behalf for ⁵  his sin.

Imamat 1:2

1:2 “Speak to the Israelites and tell them, ‘When ⁶  someone ⁷  among you presents an offering ⁸  to the Lord, ⁹  you ¹⁰  must present your offering from the domesticated animals, either from the herd or from the flock. ¹¹ 

Imamat 5:2

5:2 Or when there is ¹²  a person who touches anything ceremonially ¹³  unclean, whether the carcass of an unclean wild animal, or the carcass of an unclean domesticated animal, or the carcass of an unclean creeping thing, even if he did not realize it, ¹⁴  but he himself has become unclean and is guilty; ¹⁵ 

Imamat 12:8

12:8 If she cannot afford a sheep, ¹⁶  then she must take two turtledoves or two young pigeons, ¹⁷  one for a burnt offering and one for a sin offering, and the priest is to make atonement on her behalf, and she will be clean.’” ¹⁸ 

Imamat 11:29

Creatures that Swarm on the Land

11:29 “‘Now this is what is unclean to you among the swarming things that swarm on the land: ¹⁹  the rat, the mouse, the large lizard of any kind,

Imamat 25:16

25:16 The more years there are, ²⁰  the more you may make its purchase price, and the fewer years there are, ²¹  the less you must make its purchase price, because he is only selling to you a number of years of ²²  produce.

Imamat 11:20

Clean and Unclean Insects

11:20 “‘Every winged swarming thing that walks on all fours ²³  is detestable to you.

Imamat 19:15

Justice, Love, and Propriety

19:15 “‘You ²⁴  must not deal unjustly in judgment: ²⁵  you must neither show partiality to the poor nor honor the rich. ²⁶  You must judge your fellow citizen fairly. ²⁷ 

Imamat 11:23

11:23 But any other winged swarming thing that has four legs is detestable to you.

Imamat 11:31

11:31 These are the ones that are unclean to you among all the swarming things. Anyone who touches them when they die will be unclean until evening.

Imamat 13:16

13:16 If, however, ²⁸  the raw flesh once again turns white, ²⁹  then he must come to the priest.

Imamat 25:52

25:52 but if only a few years remain ³⁰  until the jubilee, he must calculate for himself in keeping with the remaining years and refund it for his redemption.

Imamat 8:21

8:21 but the entrails and the legs he washed with water, ³¹  and Moses offered the whole ram up in smoke on the altar – it was a burnt offering for a soothing aroma, a gift to the Lord, just as the Lord had commanded Moses. ³² 

Imamat 11:21

11:21 However, this you may eat from all the winged swarming things that walk on all fours, which have jointed legs ³³  to hop with on the land.

Imamat 14:37

14:37 He is to examine the infection, and if ³⁴  the infection in the walls of the house consists of yellowish green or reddish eruptions, ³⁵  and it appears to be deeper than the surface of the wall, ³⁶ 

Imamat 26:39

Restoration through Confession and Repentance

26:39 “‘As for the ones who remain among you, they will rot away because of ³⁷  their iniquity in the lands of your enemies, and they will also rot away because of their ancestors’ ³⁸  iniquities which are with them.

Imamat 5:7

5:7 “‘If he cannot afford an animal from the flock, ³⁹  he must bring his penalty for guilt for his sin that he has committed, ⁴⁰  two turtledoves or two young pigeons, ⁴¹  to the Lord, one for a sin offering and one for a burnt offering.

[1:10]  ¹ tn Heb “And if from the flock is his offering, from the sheep or from the goats, for a burnt offering.” Here “flock” specifies the broad category, with “sheep or goats” giving specific examples.

[3:6]  ² tn Heb “a male or female without defect he shall present it”; cf. NLT “must have no physical defects.”

[5:6]  ³ tn In this context the word for “guilt” (אָשָׁם, ’asham) refers to the “penalty” for incurring guilt, the so-called consequential אָשָׁם (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:303; cf. the note on Lev 5:1).

[5:6]  ⁴ sn The focus of sin offering “atonement” was purging impurities from the tabernacle (see the note on Lev 1:4).

[5:6]  ⁵ tn See the note on 4:26 regarding the use of מִן (min).

[1:2]  ⁶ tn “When” here translates the MT’s כִּי (ki, “if, when”), which regularly introduces main clauses in legislative contexts (see, e.g., Lev 2:1, 4; 4:2, etc.) in contrast to אִם (’im, “if”), which usually introduces subordinate sections (see, e.g., Lev 1:3, 10, 14; 2:5, 7, 14; 4:3, 13, etc.; cf. כִּי in Exod 21:2 and 7 as opposed to אִם in vv. 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, and 11).

[1:2]  sn Lev 1:1-2 serves as a heading for Lev 1-3 (i.e., the basic regulations regarding the presentation of the burnt, grain, and peace offerings) and, at the same time, leads directly into the section on “burnt offerings” in Lev 1:3. In turn, Lev 1:3-17 divides into three subsections, all introduced by אִם “if” (Lev 1:3-9, 10-13, and 14-17, respectively). Similar patterns are discernible throughout Lev 1:2-6:7 [5:26 HT].

[1:2]  ⁷ tn Heb “a man, human being” (אָדָם, ’adam), which in this case refers to any person among “mankind,” male or female, since women could also bring such offerings (see, e.g., Lev 12:6-8; 15:29-30; cf. HALOT 14 s.v. I אָדָם); cf. NIV “any of you.”

[1:2]  ⁸ tn The verb “presents” is cognate to the noun “offering” in v. 2 and throughout the book of Leviticus (both from the root קרב [qrb]). One could translate the verb “offers,” but this becomes awkward and, in fact, inaccurate in some passages. For example, in Lev 9:9 this verb is used for the presenting or giving of the blood to Aaron so that he could offer it to the Lord. The blood is certainly not being “offered” as an offering to Aaron there.

[1:2]  ⁹ tn The whole clause reads more literally, “A human being (אָדָם, ’adam), if he brings from among you an offering to the Lord.”

[1:2]  ¹⁰ tn The shift to the second person plural verb here corresponds to the previous second person plural pronoun “among you.” It is distinct from the regular pattern of third person singular verbs throughout the rest of Lev 1-3. This too labels Lev 1:1-2 as an introduction to all of Lev 1-3, not just the burnt offering regulations in Lev 1 (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:146; cf. note 3 above).

[1:2]  ¹¹ tn Heb “from the domesticated animal, from the herd, and from the flock.” It is clear from the subsequent division between animals from the “herd” (בָּקָר, baqar, in Lev 1:3-9) and the “flock” (צֹאן, tso’n; see Lev 1:10-13) that the term for “domesticated animal” (בְּהֵמָה, bÿhemah) is a general term meant to introduce the category of pastoral quadrupeds. The stronger disjunctive accent over בְּהֵמָה in the MT as well as the lack of a vav (ו) between it and בָּקָר also suggest בְּהֵמָה is an overall category that includes both “herd” and “flock” quadrupeds.

[1:2]  sn The bird category (Lev 1:14-17) is not included in this introduction because bird offerings were, by and large, concessions to the poor (cf., e.g., Lev 5:7-10; 12:8; 14:21-32) and, therefore, not considered to be one of the primary categories of animal offerings.

[5:2]  ¹² tc The insertion of the words “when there is” is a reflection of the few Hebrew mss, Smr, and LXX that have כִּי (ki, “when, if”; cf. vv. 3 and esp. 4) rather than the MT’s אֲשֶׁר (’asher, “who”). Many English versions render this as a conditional clause (“if”).

[5:2]  ¹³ tn The word “ceremonially” has been supplied in the translation to clarify that the uncleanness involved is ritual or ceremonial in nature.

[5:2]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “and it is hidden from him,” meaning that the person who contracted the ceremonial uncleanness was not aware at the time what had happened, but later found out that he had become ceremonially unclean. This same phrase occurs again in both vv. 3 and 4.

[5:2]  ¹⁵ sn Lev 5:2-3 are parallel laws of uncleanness (contracted from animals and people, respectively), and both seem to assume that the contraction of uncleanness was originally unknown to the person (vv. 2 and 3) but became known to him or her at a later time (v. 3; i.e., “has come to know” in v. 3 is to be assumed for v. 2 as well). Uncleanness itself did not make a person “guilty” unless he or she failed to handle it according to the normal purification regulations (see, e.g., “wash his clothes and bathe with water, and he will be unclean till evening,” Lev 15:5 NIV; cf. Lev 11:39-40; 15:5-12, 16-24; Num 19, etc.). The problem here in Lev 5:2-3 is that, because the person had not been aware of his or her uncleanness, he or she had incurred guilt for not carrying out these regular procedures, and it would now be too late for that. Thus, the unclean person needs to bring a sin offering to atone for the contamination caused by his or her neglect of the purity regulations.

[12:8]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “If her hand cannot find the sufficiency of a sheep.” Many English versions render this as “lamb.”

[12:8]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “from the sons of the pigeon,” referring either to “young pigeons” or “various species of pigeon” (contrast J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:168, with J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 14; cf. Lev 1:14 and esp. 5:7-10).

[12:8]  ¹⁸ tn Or “she will be[come] pure.”

[11:29]  ¹⁹ tn For zoological analyses of the list of creatures in vv. 29-30, see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:671-72; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 161-62.

[25:16]  ²⁰ tn Heb “To the mouth of the many years.”

[25:16]  ²¹ tn Heb “to the mouth of the few years.”

[25:16]  ²² tn Heb “a number of produce”; the words “years of” are implied. As an alternative this could be translated “a number of harvests” (cf. NRSV, NLT).

[11:20]  ²³ tn Heb “the one walking on four” (cf. vv. 21-23 and 27-28).

[19:15]  ²⁴ tc Smr has the singular rather than the plural “you” of the MT, which brings this verb form into line with the ones surrounding it.

[19:15]  ²⁵ tn Heb “You shall not do injustice in judgment” (NASB similar); cf. NIV “do not pervert justice.”

[19:15]  ²⁶ tn Heb “You shall not lift up faces of poor [people] and you shall not honor faces of great.”

[19:15]  ²⁷ tn Heb “In righteousness you shall judge your fellow citizen.”

[13:16]  ²⁸ tn Heb “Or if/when.”

[13:16]  ²⁹ tn Heb “the living flesh returns and is turned/changed to white.” The Hebrew verb “returns” is שׁוּב (shuv), which often functions adverbially when combined with a second verb as it is here (cf. “and is turned”) and, in such cases, is usually rendered “again” (see, e.g., GKC 386-87 §120.g). Another suggestion is that here שׁוּב means “to recede” (cf., e.g., 2 Kgs 20:9), so one could translate “the raw flesh recedes and turns white.” This would mean that the new “white” skin “has grown over” the raw flesh (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 79).

[25:52]  ³⁰ tn Heb “but if a little remains in the years.”

[8:21]  ³¹ tn Again, Aaron probably did the washing (v. 21a), but Moses presented the portions on the altar (v. 21b; cf. the note on v. 15 above).

[8:21]  ³² tn See Lev 1:9, 13.

[11:21]  ³³ tn Heb “which to it are lower legs from above to its feet” (reading the Qere “to it” rather than the Kethib “not”).

[14:37]  ³⁴ tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).

[14:37]  ³⁵ tn For “yellowish green and reddish” see Lev 13:49. The Hebrew term translated “eruptions” occurs only here and its meaning is uncertain. For a detailed summary of the issues and views see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:870. The suggestions include, among others: (1) “depressions” from Hebrew שׁקע (“sink”) or קער as the root of the Hebrew term for “bowl” (LXX, Targums, NAB, NASB, NIV; see also B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 90), (2) “streaks” (ASV, NJPS), (3) and “eruptions” as a loan-word from Egyptian sqr r rwtj (“eruption; rash”); cf. Milgrom, 870; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 198-99. The latter view is taken here.

[14:37]  ³⁶ tn The Hebrew term קִיר (qir,“wall”) refers to the surface of the wall in this case, which normally consisted of a coating of plaster made of limestone and sand (see HALOT 1099 s.v. קִיר 1.a; J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:871; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 199).

[26:39]  ³⁷ tn Heb “in” (so KJV, ASV; also later in this verse).

[26:39]  ³⁸ tn Heb “fathers’” (also in the following verse).

[5:7]  ³⁹ tn Heb “and if his hand does not reach enough of a flock animal” (see the note on v. 11 below). The term translated “animal from the flock” (שֶׂה, seh) is often translated “lamb” (e.g., KJV, NASB, NIV, NCV) or “sheep” (e.g., NRSV, TEV, NLT), but it clearly includes either a sheep or a goat here (cf. v. 6), referring to the smaller pasture animals as opposed to the larger ones (i.e., cattle; cf. 4:3). Some English versions use the more generic “animal” (e.g., NAB, CEV).

[5:7]  ⁴⁰ tn Heb “and he shall bring his guilt which he sinned,” which is an abbreviated form of Lev 5:6, “and he shall bring his [penalty for] guilt to the Lord for his sin which he committed.” The words “for his sin” have been left out in v. 7, and “to the Lord” has been moved so that it follows the mention of the birds.

[5:7]  ⁴¹ tn See the note on Lev 1:14 above.