Kejadian 31:45-53

31:45 So Jacob took a stone and set it up as a memorial pillar. 31:46 Then he ¹  said to his relatives, “Gather stones.” So they brought stones and put them in a pile. ²  They ate there by the pile of stones. 31:47 Laban called it Jegar Sahadutha, ³  but Jacob called it Galeed. ⁴ 

31:48 Laban said, “This pile of stones is a witness of our agreement ⁵  today.” That is why it was called Galeed. 31:49 It was also called Mizpah ⁶  because he said, “May the Lord watch ⁷  between us ⁸  when we are out of sight of one another. ⁹  31:50 If you mistreat my daughters or if you take wives besides my daughters, although no one else is with us, realize ¹⁰  that God is witness to your actions.” ¹¹ 

31:51 “Here is this pile of stones and this pillar I have set up between me and you,” Laban said to Jacob. ¹²  31:52 “This pile of stones and the pillar are reminders that I will not pass beyond this pile to come to harm you and that you will not pass beyond this pile and this pillar to come to harm me. ¹³  31:53 May the God of Abraham and the god of Nahor, ¹⁴  the gods of their father, judge between us.” Jacob took an oath by the God whom his father Isaac feared. ¹⁵ 

Yosua 4:1-7

Israel Commemorates the Crossing

4:1 When the entire nation was on the other side, ¹⁶  the Lord told Joshua, 4:2 “Select for yourselves twelve men from the people, one per tribe. 4:3 Instruct them, ‘Pick up twelve stones from the middle of the Jordan, from the very place where the priests ¹⁷  stand firmly, and carry them over with you and put them in the place where you camp tonight.’”

4:4 Joshua summoned the twelve men he had appointed from the Israelites, one per tribe. 4:5 Joshua told them, “Go in front of the ark of the Lord your God to the middle of the Jordan. Each of you is to put a stone on his shoulder, according to the number of the Israelite tribes. 4:6 The stones ¹⁸  will be a reminder to you. ¹⁹  When your children ask someday, ‘Why are these stones important to you?’ 4:7 tell them how the water of the Jordan stopped flowing ²⁰  before the ark of the covenant of the Lord. When it crossed the Jordan, the water of the Jordan stopped flowing. ²¹  These stones will be a lasting memorial for the Israelites.”

Yosua 4:1

Israel Commemorates the Crossing

4:1 When the entire nation was on the other side, ²²  the Lord told Joshua,

1 Raja-raja 18:31-32

18:31 Then Elijah took twelve stones, corresponding to the number of tribes that descended from Jacob, to whom the Lord had said, “Israel will be your new ²³  name.” ²⁴  18:32 With the stones he constructed an altar for the Lord. ²⁵  Around the altar he made a trench large enough to contain two seahs ²⁶  of seed.

[31:46]  ¹ tn Heb “Jacob”; the proper name has been replaced by the pronoun (“he”) in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[31:46]  ² sn The Hebrew word for “pile” is גַּל (gal), which sounds like the name “Galeed” (גַּלְעֵד, gal’ed). See v. 48.

[31:47]  ³ sn Jegar Sahadutha. Laban the Aramean gave the place an Aramaic name which means “witness pile” or “the pile is a witness.”

[31:47]  ⁴ sn Galeed also means “witness pile” or “the pile is a witness,” but this name is Canaanite or Western Semitic and closer to later Hebrew. Jacob, though certainly capable of speaking Aramaic, here prefers to use the western dialect.

[31:48]  ⁵ tn Heb “a witness between me and you.”

[31:49]  ⁶ tn Heb “and Mizpah.”

[31:49]  ⁷ sn The name Mizpah (מִצְפָּה, mitspah), which means “watchpost,” sounds like the verb translated “may he watch” (יִצֶף, yitsef). Neither Laban nor Jacob felt safe with each other, and so they agreed to go their separate ways, trusting the Lord to keep watch at the border. Jacob did not need this treaty, but Laban, perhaps because he had lost his household gods, felt he did.

[31:49]  ⁸ tn Heb “between me and you.”

[31:49]  ⁹ tn Heb “for we will be hidden, each man from his neighbor.”

[31:50]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “see.”

[31:50]  ¹¹ tn Heb “between me and you.”

[31:51]  ¹² tn Heb “and Laban said to Jacob, ‘Behold this heap and behold the pillar which I have set between men and you.’” The order of the introductory clause and the direct discourse has been rearranged in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[31:52]  ¹³ tn Heb “This pile is a witness and the pillar is a witness, if I go past this pile to you and if you go past this pile and this pillar to me for harm.”

[31:53]  ¹⁴ tn The God of Abraham and the god of Nahor. The Hebrew verb translated “judge” is plural, suggesting that Laban has more than one “god” in mind. The Samaritan Pentateuch and the LXX, apparently in an effort to make the statement monotheistic, have a singular verb. In this case one could translate, “May the God of Abraham and the God of Nahor, the God of their father, judge between us.” However, Laban had a polytheistic world view, as evidenced by his possession of household idols (cf. 31:19). The translation uses “God” when referring to Abraham’s God, for Genesis makes it clear that Abraham worshiped the one true God. It employs “god” when referring to Nahor’s god, for in the Hebrew text Laban refers to a different god here, probably one of the local deities.

[31:53]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “by the fear of his father Isaac.” See the note on the word “fears” in v. 42.

[4:1]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “And when all the nation had finished crossing the Jordan.”

[4:3]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “the feet of the priests.”

[4:6]  ¹⁸ tn Heb “that this may be”; the referent of “this” (the twelve stones) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[4:6]  ¹⁹ tn Heb “in order that this might be a sign among you.”

[4:7]  ²⁰ tn Heb “were cut off from before.”

[4:7]  ²¹ tn Heb “how the waters descending from above stood still.”

[4:1]  ²² tn Heb “And when all the nation had finished crossing the Jordan.”

[18:31]  ²³ tn The word “new” is implied but not actually present in the Hebrew text.

[18:31]  ²⁴ sn Israel will be your new name. See Gen 32:28; 35:10.

[18:32]  ²⁵ tn Heb “and he built the stones into an altar in the name of the Lord.”

[18:32]  ²⁶ tn A seah was a dry measure equivalent to about seven quarts.