Keluaran 4:21
Konteks4:21 The Lord said 1 to Moses, “When you go back to Egypt, 2 see that you 3 do before Pharaoh all the wonders I have put under your control. 4 But I will harden 5 his heart 6 and 7 he will not let the people go.
Keluaran 33:7
Konteks33:7 8 Moses took 9 the tent 10 and pitched it outside the camp, at a good distance 11 from the camp, and he called it the tent of meeting. Anyone 12 seeking 13 the Lord would go out to the tent of meeting that was outside the camp.
Keluaran 36:1
Konteks36:1 So Bezalel and Oholiab and every skilled person 14 in whom the Lord has put skill 15 and ability 16 to know how 17 to do all the work for the service 18 of the sanctuary are to do the work 19 according to all that the Lord has commanded.”
[4:21] 1 tn Heb “And Yahweh said.”
[4:21] 2 tn The construction may involve a verbal hendiadys using the two infinitive forms: “when you go to return” (בְּלֶכְתְּךָ לָשׁוּב, bÿlekhtÿkha lashuv). The clause is temporal, subordinated to the instruction to do the signs. Therefore, its focus cannot be on going to return, i.e., preparing or beginning to return.
[4:21] 3 tn The two verb forms in this section are the imperative (רְאֵה, rÿ’eh) followed by the perfect with the vav (וַעֲשִׂיתָם, va’asitam). The second could be coordinated and function as a second command: “see…and [then] do”; or it could be subordinated logically: “see…so that you do.” Some commentators who take the first option suggest that Moses was supposed to contemplate these wonders before doing them before Pharaoh. That does not seem as likely as the second interpretation reflected in the translation.
[4:21] 4 tn Or “in your power”; Heb “in your hand.”
[4:21] 5 tn Heb “strengthen” (in the sense of making stubborn or obstinate). The text has the expression וַאֲנִי אֲחַזֵּק אֶת־לִבּוֹ (va’ani ’akhazzeq ’et-libbo), “I will make strong his will,” or “I will strengthen his resolve,” recognizing the “heart” as the location of decision making (see Prov 16:1, 9).
[4:21] 6 sn Here is the first mention of the hardening of the heart of Pharaoh. God first tells Moses he must do the miracles, but he also announces that he will harden Pharaoh’s heart, as if working against Moses. It will help Moses to know that God is bringing about the resistance in order to bring a greater victory with greater glory. There is a great deal of literature on this, but see among the resources F. W. Danker, “Hardness of Heart: A Study in Biblical Thematic,” CTM 44 (1973): 89-100; R. R. Wilson, “The Hardening of Pharaoh’s Heart,” CBQ 41 (1979): 18-36; and R. B. Chisholm Jr., “Divine Hardening in the Old Testament,” BSac 153 (1996): 410-34.
[33:7] 8 sn This unit of the book could actually include all of chap. 33, starting with the point of the
[33:7] 9 tn Heb “and Moses took.”
[33:7] 10 sn A widespread contemporary view is that this section represents a source that thought the tent of meeting was already erected (see S. R. Driver, Exodus, 359). But the better view is that this is a temporary tent used for meeting the
[33:7] 11 tn The infinitive absolute is used here as an adverb (see GKC 341 §113.h).
[33:7] 12 tn The clause begins with “and it was,” the perfect tense with the vav conjunction. The imperfect tenses in this section are customary, describing what used to happen (others describe the verbs as frequentative). See GKC 315 §107.e.
[33:7] 13 tn The form is the Piel participle. The seeking here would indicate seeking an oracle from Yahweh or seeking to find a resolution for some difficulty (as in 2 Sam 21:1) or even perhaps coming with a sacrifice. B. Jacob notes that the tent was even here a place of prayer, for the benefit of the people (Exodus, 961). It is not known how long this location was used.
[36:1] 14 tn Heb “wise of [in] heart.”
[36:1] 16 tn Heb “understanding, discernment.”
[36:1] 17 tn The relative clause includes this infinitive clause that expresses either the purpose or the result of God’s giving wisdom and understanding to these folk.
[36:1] 18 tn This noun is usually given an interpretive translation. B. Jacob renders the bound relationship as “the holy task” or “the sacred task” (Exodus, 1019). The NIV makes it “constructing,” so read “the work of constructing the sanctuary.”
[36:1] 19 tn The first word of the verse is a perfect tense with vav (ו) consecutive; it is singular because it agrees with the first of the compound subject. The sentence is a little cumbersome because of the extended relative clause in the middle.