Keluaran 8:14

8:14 The Egyptians ¹  piled them in countless heaps, ²  and the land stank.

Keluaran 8:30

8:30 So Moses went out from Pharaoh and prayed to the Lord,

Keluaran 8:32

8:32 But Pharaoh hardened ³  his heart this time also and did not release the people.

Keluaran 22:20

22:20 “Whoever sacrifices to a god other than the Lord ⁴  alone must be utterly destroyed. ⁵ 

Keluaran 22:28

22:28 “You must not blaspheme ⁶  God ⁷  or curse the ruler of your people.

[8:14]  ¹ tn Heb “and they piled them.” For clarity the translation supplies the referent “the Egyptians” as the ones who were piling the frogs.

[8:14]  ² tn The word “heaps” is repeated: חֳמָרִם הֳמָרִם (khomarim khomarim). The repetition serves to intensify the idea to the highest degree – “countless heaps” (see GKC 396 §123.e).

[8:32]  ³ tn This phrase translates the Hebrew word כָּבֵד (kaved); see S. R. Driver, Exodus, 53.

[22:20]  ⁴ tn Heb “not to Yahweh.”

[22:20]  ⁵ tn The verb חָרַם (kharam) means “to be devoted” to God or “to be banned.” The idea is that it would be God’s to do with as he liked. What was put under the ban was for God alone, either for his service or for his judgment. But it was out of human control. Here the verb is saying that the person will be utterly destroyed.

[22:28]  ⁶ tn The two verbs in this verse are synonyms: קָלַל (qalal) means “to treat lightly, curse,” and אָרַר (’arar) means “to curse.”

[22:28]  ⁷ tn The word אֱלֹהִים (’elohim) is “gods” or “God.” If taken as the simple plural, it could refer to the human judges, as it has in the section of laws; this would match the parallelism in the verse. If it was taken to refer to God, then the idea of cursing God would be more along the line of blasphemy. B. Jacob says that the word refers to functioning judges, and that would indirectly mean God, for they represented the religious authority, and the prince the civil authority (Exodus, 708).