Lukas 23:11

23:11 Even Herod with his soldiers treated him with contempt and mocked him. Then, ¹  dressing him in elegant clothes, ²  Herod ³  sent him back to Pilate.

Mazmur 69:21

69:21 They put bitter poison ⁴  into my food,

and to quench my thirst they give me vinegar to drink. ⁵ 

Matius 27:29-30

27:29 and after braiding ⁶  a crown of thorns, ⁷  they put it on his head. They ⁸  put a staff ⁹  in his right hand, and kneeling down before him, they mocked him: ¹⁰  “Hail, king of the Jews!” ¹¹  27:30 They ¹²  spat on him and took the staff ¹³  and struck him repeatedly ¹⁴  on the head.

Matius 27:34

27:34 and offered Jesus ¹⁵  wine mixed with gall to drink. ¹⁶  But after tasting it, he would not drink it.

Matius 27:48

27:48 Immediately ¹⁷  one of them ran and got a sponge, filled it with sour wine, ¹⁸  put it on a stick, ¹⁹  and gave it to him to drink.

Markus 15:19-20

15:19 Again and again ²⁰  they struck him on the head with a staff ²¹  and spit on him. Then they knelt down and paid homage to him. 15:20 When they had finished mocking ²²  him, they stripped him of the purple cloak and put his own clothes back on him. Then ²³  they led him away to crucify him. ²⁴ 

Markus 15:36

15:36 Then someone ran, filled a sponge with sour wine, ²⁵  put it on a stick, ²⁶  and gave it to him to drink, saying, “Leave him alone! Let’s see if Elijah will come to take him down!”

Yohanes 19:28-30

Jesus’ Death

19:28 After this Jesus, realizing that by this time ²⁷  everything was completed, ²⁸  said (in order to fulfill the scripture), ²⁹  “I am thirsty!” ³⁰  19:29 A jar full of sour wine ³¹  was there, so they put a sponge soaked in sour wine on a branch of hyssop ³²  and lifted it ³³  to his mouth. 19:30 When ³⁴  he had received the sour wine, Jesus said, “It is completed!” ³⁵  Then he bowed his head and gave up his spirit. ³⁶ 

[23:11]  ¹ tn This is a continuation of the previous Greek sentence, but because of its length and complexity, a new sentence was started here in the translation by supplying “then” to indicate the sequence of events.

[23:11]  ² sn This mockery involved putting elegant royal clothes on Jesus, either white or purple (the colors of royalty). This was no doubt a mockery of Jesus’ claim to be a king.

[23:11]  ³ tn Grk “he”; the referent (Herod) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[69:21]  ⁴ tn According to BDB 912 s.v. II רֹאשׁ the term can mean “a bitter and poisonous plant.”

[69:21]  ⁵ sn John 19:28-30 appears to understand Jesus’ experience on the cross as a fulfillment of this passage (or Ps 22:15). See the study note on the word “thirsty” in John 19:28.

[27:29]  ⁶ tn Or “weaving.”

[27:29]  ⁷ sn The crown may have been made from palm spines or some other thorny plant common in Israel. In placing the crown of thorns on his head, the soldiers were unwittingly symbolizing God’s curse on humanity (cf. Gen 3:18) being placed on Jesus. Their purpose would have been to mock Jesus’ claim to be a king; the crown of thorns would have represented the “radiant corona” portrayed on the heads of rulers on coins and other artifacts in the 1st century.

[27:29]  ⁸ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated.

[27:29]  ⁹ tn Or “a reed.” The Greek term can mean either “staff” or “reed.” See BDAG 502 s.v. κάλαμος 2.

[27:29]  ¹⁰ tn Grk “they mocked him, saying.” The participle λέγοντες (legontes) is redundant and has not been translated.

[27:29]  ¹¹ tn Or “Long live the King of the Jews!”

[27:29]  sn The statement Hail, King of the Jews! is a mockery patterned after the Romans’ cry of Ave, Caesar (“Hail, Caesar!”).

[27:30]  ¹² tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated.

[27:30]  ¹³ tn Or “the reed.”

[27:30]  ¹⁴ tn The verb here has been translated as an iterative imperfect.

[27:34]  ¹⁵ tn Grk “him”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[27:34]  ¹⁶ sn It is difficult to say for certain who gave Jesus this drink of wine mixed with gall (e.g., the executioner, or perhaps women from Jerusalem). In any case, whoever gave it to him most likely did so in order to relieve his pain, but Jesus was unwilling to take it.

[27:48]  ¹⁷ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated.

[27:48]  ¹⁸ sn Sour wine refers to cheap wine that was called in Latin posca, a cheap vinegar wine diluted heavily with water. It was the drink of slaves and soldiers, and was probably there for the soldiers who had performed the crucifixion.

[27:48]  ¹⁹ tn Grk “a reed.”

[15:19]  ²⁰ tn The verb here has been translated as an iterative imperfect.

[15:19]  ²¹ tn Or “a reed.” The Greek term can mean either “staff” or “reed.” See BDAG 502 s.v. κάλαμος 2.

[15:20]  ²² tn The aorist tense is taken consummatively here.

[15:20]  ²³ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.

[15:20]  ²⁴ sn See the note on Crucify in 15:13.

[15:36]  ²⁵ sn Sour wine refers to cheap wine that was called in Latin posca, a cheap vinegar wine diluted heavily with water. It was the drink of slaves and soldiers, and was probably there for the soldiers who had performed the crucifixion.

[15:36]  ²⁶ tn Grk “a reed.”

[19:28]  ²⁷ tn Or “that already.”

[19:28]  ²⁸ tn Or “finished,” “accomplished”; Grk “fulfilled.”

[19:28]  ²⁹ sn A reference to Ps 69:21 or Ps 22:15.

[19:28]  ³⁰ sn In order to fulfill (τελειωθῇ [teleiwqh], a wordplay on the previous statement that everything was completed [τετέλεσται, tetelestai]) the scripture, he said, “I am thirsty.” The scripture referred to is probably Ps 69:21, “They also gave me gall for my food, and for my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink.” Also suggested, however, is Ps 22:15, “My tongue cleaves to the roof of my mouth, and you [God] lay me in the dust of death.” Ps 22:1 reads “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?,” a statement Jesus makes from the cross in both Matt 27:46 and Mark 15:34. In light of the connection in the Fourth Gospel between thirst and the living water which Jesus offers, it is highly ironic that here Jesus himself, the source of that living water, expresses his thirst. And since 7:39 associates the living water with the Holy Spirit, Jesus’ statement here in 19:28 amounts to an admission that at this point he has been forsaken by God (cf. Ps 22:1, Matt 27:46, and Mark 15:34).

[19:29]  ³¹ sn The cheap sour wine was called in Latin posca, and referred to a cheap vinegar wine diluted heavily with water. It was the drink of slaves and soldiers, and was probably there for the soldiers who had performed the crucifixion.

[19:29]  ³² sn Hyssop was a small aromatic bush; exact identification of the plant is uncertain. The hyssop used to lift the wet sponge may have been a form of reed (κάλαμος, kalamo", “reed,” is used in Matt 27:48 and Mark 15:36); the biblical name can refer to several different species of plant (at least eighteen different plants have been suggested).

[19:29]  ³³ tn Or “and brought it.”

[19:30]  ³⁴ tn Grk “Then when.” Here οὖν (oun) has not been translated for stylistic reasons.

[19:30]  ³⁵ tn Or “It is accomplished,” “It is finished,” or “It is ended.” See tn on John 13:1.

[19:30]  ³⁶ tn Or “he bowed his head and died”; Grk “he bowed his head and gave over the spirit.”