Keluaran 9:25

9:25 The hail struck everything in the open fields, both ¹  people and animals, throughout all the land of Egypt. The hail struck everything that grows ²  in the field, and it broke all the trees of the field to pieces.

Keluaran 11:7

11:7 But against any of the Israelites not even a dog will bark ³  against either people or animals, ⁴  so that you may know that the Lord distinguishes ⁵  between Egypt and Israel.’

Keluaran 12:12

12:12 I will pass through ⁶  the land of Egypt in the same ⁷  night, and I will attack ⁸  all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both of humans and of animals, ⁹  and on all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgment. ¹⁰  I am the Lord.

Keluaran 13:15

13:15 When Pharaoh stubbornly refused ¹¹  to release us, the Lord killed all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of people to the firstborn of animals. ¹²  That is why I am sacrificing ¹³  to the Lord the first male offspring of every womb, but all my firstborn sons I redeem.’

Keluaran 23:31

23:31 I will set ¹⁴  your boundaries from the Red Sea to the sea of the Philistines, and from the desert to the River, ¹⁵  for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand, and you will drive them out before you.

[9:25]  ¹ tn The exact expression is “from man even to beast.” R. J. Williams lists this as an example of the inclusive use of the preposition מִן (min) to be rendered “both…and” (Hebrew Syntax, 57, §327).

[9:25]  ² tn Heb “all the cultivated grain of.”

[11:7]  ³ tn Or perhaps “growl”; Heb “not a dog will sharpen his tongue.” The expression is unusual, but it must indicate that not only would no harm come to the Israelites, but that no unfriendly threat would come against them either – not even so much as a dog barking. It is possible this is to be related to the watchdog (see F. C. Fensham, “Remarks on Keret 114^b – 136^a,” JNSL 11 [1983]: 75).

[11:7]  ⁴ tn Heb “against man or beast.”

[11:7]  ⁵ tn The verb פָּלָה (palah) in Hiphil means “to set apart, make separate, make distinct.” See also Exod 8:22 (18 HT); 9:4; 33:16.

[12:12]  ⁶ tn The verb וְעָבַרְתִּי (vÿ’avarti) is a Qal perfect with vav (ו) consecutive, announcing the future action of God in bringing judgment on the land. The word means “pass over, across, through.” This verb provides a contextual motive for the name “Passover.”

[12:12]  ⁷ tn Heb “this night.”

[12:12]  ⁸ tn The verb נָכָה (nakhah) means “to strike, smite, attack”; it does not always mean “to kill,” but that is obviously its outcome in this context. This is also its use in 2:12, describing how Moses killed the Egyptian and buried him in the sand.

[12:12]  ⁹ tn Heb “from man and to beast.”

[12:12]  ¹⁰ tn The phrase אֶעֱשֶׂה שְׁפָטִים (’e’eseh shÿfatim) is “I will do judgments.” The statement clearly includes what had begun in Exod 6:1. But the statement that God would judge the gods of Egypt is appropriately introduced here (see also Num 33:4) because with the judgment on Pharaoh and the deliverance from bondage, Yahweh would truly show himself to be the one true God. Thus, “I am Yahweh” is fitting here (see B. Jacob, Exodus, 312).

[13:15]  ¹¹ tn Heb “dealt hardly in letting us go” or “made it hard to let us go” (see S. R. Driver, Exodus, 110). The verb is the simple Hiphil perfect הִקְשָׁה (hiqshah, “he made hard”); the infinitive construct לְשַׁלְּחֵנוּ (lÿshallÿkhenu, “to release us”) could be taken epexegetically, meaning “he made releasing us hard.” But the infinitive more likely gives the purpose or the result after the verb “hardened himself.” The verb is figurative for “be stubborn” or “stubbornly refuse.”

[13:15]  ¹² tn The text uses “man” and “beast.”

[13:15]  ¹³ tn The form is the active participle.

[23:31]  ¹⁴ tn The form is a perfect tense with vav consecutive.

[23:31]  ¹⁵ tn In the Hebrew Bible “the River” usually refers to the Euphrates (cf. NASB, NCV, NRSV, TEV, CEV, NLT). There is some thought that it refers to a river Nahr el Kebir between Lebanon and Syria. See further W. C. Kaiser, Jr., “Exodus,” EBC 2:447; and G. W. Buchanan, The Consequences of the Covenant (NovTSup), 91-100.