Yesaya 58:1--66:24
Konteks58:1 “Shout loudly! Don’t be quiet!
Yell as loud as a trumpet!
Confront my people with their rebellious deeds; 1
confront Jacob’s family with their sin! 2
58:2 They seek me day after day;
they want to know my requirements, 3
like a nation that does what is right
and does not reject the law of their God.
They ask me for just decrees;
they want to be near God.
58:3 They lament, 4 ‘Why don’t you notice when we fast?
Why don’t you pay attention when we humble ourselves?’
Look, at the same time you fast, you satisfy your selfish desires, 5
you oppress your workers. 6
58:4 Look, your fasting is accompanied by 7 arguments, brawls,
and fistfights. 8
Do not fast as you do today,
trying to make your voice heard in heaven.
58:5 Is this really the kind of fasting I want? 9
Do I want a day when people merely humble themselves, 10
bowing their heads like a reed
and stretching out 11 on sackcloth and ashes?
Is this really what you call a fast,
a day that is pleasing to the Lord?
58:6 No, this is the kind of fast I want. 12
I want you 13 to remove the sinful chains,
to tear away the ropes of the burdensome yoke,
to set free the oppressed, 14
and to break every burdensome yoke.
58:7 I want you 15 to share your food with the hungry
and to provide shelter for homeless, oppressed people. 16
When you see someone naked, clothe him!
Don’t turn your back on your own flesh and blood! 17
58:8 Then your light will shine like the sunrise; 18
your restoration will quickly arrive; 19
your godly behavior 20 will go before you,
and the Lord’s splendor will be your rear guard. 21
58:9 Then you will call out, and the Lord will respond;
you will cry out, and he will reply, ‘Here I am.’
You must 22 remove the burdensome yoke from among you
and stop pointing fingers and speaking sinfully.
58:10 You must 23 actively help the hungry
and feed the oppressed. 24
Then your light will dispel the darkness, 25
and your darkness will be transformed into noonday. 26
58:11 The Lord will continually lead you;
he will feed you even in parched regions. 27
He will give you renewed strength, 28
and you will be like a well-watered garden,
like a spring that continually produces water.
58:12 Your perpetual ruins will be rebuilt; 29
you will reestablish the ancient foundations.
You will be called, ‘The one who repairs broken walls,
the one who makes the streets inhabitable again.’ 30
58:13 You must 31 observe the Sabbath 32
rather than doing anything you please on my holy day. 33
You must look forward to the Sabbath 34
and treat the Lord’s holy day with respect. 35
You must treat it with respect by refraining from your normal activities,
and by refraining from your selfish pursuits and from making business deals. 36
58:14 Then you will find joy in your relationship to the Lord, 37
and I will give you great prosperity, 38
and cause crops to grow on the land I gave to your ancestor Jacob.” 39
Know for certain that the Lord has spoken. 40
59:1 Look, the Lord’s hand is not too weak 41 to deliver you;
his ear is not too deaf to hear you. 42
59:2 But your sinful acts have alienated you from your God;
your sins have caused him to reject you and not listen to your prayers. 43
59:3 For your hands are stained with blood
and your fingers with sin;
your lips speak lies,
your tongue utters malicious words.
59:4 No one is concerned about justice; 44
no one sets forth his case truthfully.
They depend on false words 45 and tell lies;
they conceive of oppression 46
and give birth to sin.
59:5 They hatch the eggs of a poisonous snake
and spin a spider’s web.
Whoever eats their eggs will die,
a poisonous snake is hatched. 47
59:6 Their webs cannot be used for clothing;
they cannot cover themselves with what they make.
Their deeds are sinful;
they commit violent crimes. 48
59:7 They are eager to do evil, 49
quick to shed innocent blood. 50
Their thoughts are sinful;
they crush and destroy. 51
59:8 They are unfamiliar with peace;
their deeds are unjust. 52
They use deceitful methods,
and whoever deals with them is unfamiliar with peace. 53
59:9 For this reason deliverance 54 is far from us 55
and salvation does not reach us.
We wait for light, 56 but see only darkness; 57
we wait for 58 a bright light, 59 but live 60 in deep darkness. 61
59:10 We grope along the wall like the blind,
we grope like those who cannot see; 62
we stumble at noontime as if it were evening.
Though others are strong, we are like dead men. 63
59:11 We all growl like bears,
we coo mournfully like doves;
we wait for deliverance, 64 but there is none,
for salvation, but it is far from us.
59:12 For you are aware of our many rebellious deeds, 65
and our sins testify against us;
indeed, we are aware of our rebellious deeds;
we know our sins all too well. 66
59:13 We have rebelled and tried to deceive the Lord;
we turned back from following our God.
We stir up 67 oppression and rebellion;
we tell lies we concocted in our minds. 68
59:14 Justice is driven back;
godliness 69 stands far off.
Indeed, 70 honesty stumbles in the city square
and morality is not even able to enter.
59:15 Honesty has disappeared;
the one who tries to avoid evil is robbed.
The Lord watches and is displeased, 71
for there is no justice.
59:16 He sees there is no advocate; 72
he is shocked 73 that no one intervenes.
So he takes matters into his own hands; 74
his desire for justice drives him on. 75
59:17 He wears his desire for justice 76 like body armor, 77
and his desire to deliver is like a helmet on his head. 78
He puts on the garments of vengeance 79
and wears zeal like a robe.
59:18 He repays them for what they have done,
dispensing angry judgment to his adversaries
and punishing his enemies. 80
He repays the coastlands. 81
59:19 In the west, people respect 82 the Lord’s reputation; 83
in the east they recognize his splendor. 84
For he comes like a rushing 85 stream
driven on by wind sent from the Lord. 86
59:20 “A protector 87 comes to Zion,
to those in Jacob who repent of their rebellious deeds,” 88 says the Lord.
59:21 “As for me, this is my promise to 89 them,” says the Lord. “My spirit, who is upon you, and my words, which I have placed in your mouth, will not depart from your mouth or from the mouths of your children and descendants from this time forward,” 90 says the Lord.
60:1 “Arise! Shine! For your light arrives!
The splendor 91 of the Lord shines on you!
60:2 For, look, darkness covers the earth
and deep darkness covers 92 the nations,
but the Lord shines on you;
his splendor 93 appears over you.
60:3 Nations come to your light,
kings to your bright light.
They all gather and come to you –
your sons come from far away
and your daughters are escorted by guardians.
60:5 Then you will look and smile, 95
you will be excited and your heart will swell with pride. 96
For the riches of distant lands 97 will belong to you
and the wealth of nations will come to you.
60:6 Camel caravans will cover your roads, 98
young camels from Midian and Ephah.
All the merchants of Sheba 99 will come,
bringing gold and incense
and singing praises to the Lord. 100
60:7 All the sheep of Kedar will be gathered to you;
the rams of Nebaioth will be available to you as sacrifices. 101
They will go up on my altar acceptably, 102
and I will bestow honor on my majestic temple.
60:8 Who are these who float along 103 like a cloud,
who fly like doves to their shelters? 104
60:9 Indeed, the coastlands 105 look eagerly for me,
the large ships 106 are in the lead,
bringing your sons from far away,
along with their silver and gold,
to honor the Lord your God, 107
the Holy One of Israel, 108 for he has bestowed honor on you.
60:10 Foreigners will rebuild your walls;
their kings will serve you.
Even though I struck you down in my anger,
I will restore my favor and have compassion on you. 109
60:11 Your gates will remain open at all times;
they will not be shut during the day or at night,
so that the wealth of nations may be delivered,
with their kings leading the way. 110
60:12 Indeed, 111 nations or kingdoms that do not serve you will perish;
such nations will be totally destroyed. 112
60:13 The splendor of Lebanon will come to you,
its evergreens, firs, and cypresses together,
to beautify my palace; 113
I will bestow honor on my throne room. 114
60:14 The children of your oppressors will come bowing to you;
all who treated you with disrespect will bow down at your feet.
They will call you, ‘The City of the Lord,
Zion of the Holy One of Israel.’ 115
60:15 You were once abandoned
and despised, with no one passing through,
but I will make you 116 a permanent source of pride
and joy to coming generations.
60:16 You will drink the milk of nations;
you will nurse at the breasts of kings. 117
Then you will recognize that I, the Lord, am your deliverer,
your protector, 118 the powerful ruler of Jacob. 119
60:17 Instead of bronze, I will bring you gold,
instead of iron, I will bring you silver,
instead of wood, I will bring you 120 bronze,
instead of stones, I will bring you 121 iron.
I will make prosperity 122 your overseer,
and vindication your sovereign ruler. 123
60:18 Sounds of violence 124 will no longer be heard in your land,
or the sounds of 125 destruction and devastation within your borders.
You will name your walls, ‘Deliverance,’
and your gates, ‘Praise.’
60:19 The sun will no longer supply light for you by day,
nor will the moon’s brightness shine on you;
the Lord will be your permanent source of light –
the splendor of your God will shine upon you. 126
60:20 Your sun will no longer set;
your moon will not disappear; 127
the Lord will be your permanent source of light;
your time 128 of sorrow will be over.
60:21 All of your people will be godly; 129
they will possess the land permanently.
I will plant them like a shoot;
they will be the product of my labor,
through whom I reveal my splendor. 130
60:22 The least of you will multiply into 131 a thousand;
the smallest of you will become a large nation.
When the right time comes, I the Lord will quickly do this!” 132
61:1 The spirit of the sovereign Lord is upon me,
because the Lord has chosen 133 me. 134
He has commissioned 135 me to encourage 136 the poor,
to help 137 the brokenhearted,
to decree the release of captives,
and the freeing of prisoners,
61:2 to announce the year when the Lord will show his favor,
the day when our God will seek vengeance, 138
to console all who mourn,
61:3 to strengthen those who mourn in Zion,
by giving them a turban, instead of ashes,
oil symbolizing joy, 139 instead of mourning,
a garment symbolizing praise, 140 instead of discouragement. 141
They will be called oaks of righteousness, 142
trees planted by the Lord to reveal his splendor. 143
61:4 They will rebuild the perpetual ruins
and restore the places that were desolate; 144
they will reestablish the ruined cities,
the places that have been desolate since ancient times.
61:5 145 “Foreigners will take care of 146 your sheep;
foreigners will work in your fields and vineyards.
61:6 You will be called, ‘the Lord’s priests,
servants of our God.’ 147
You will enjoy 148 the wealth of nations
and boast about 149 the riches you receive from them. 150
61:7 Instead of shame, you will get a double portion; 151
instead of humiliation, they will rejoice over the land they receive. 152
Yes, 153 they will possess a double portion in their land
and experience lasting joy.
61:8 For I, the Lord, love justice
and hate robbery and sin.
I will repay them because of my faithfulness; 154
I will make a permanent covenant with them.
61:9 Their descendants will be known among the nations,
their offspring among the peoples.
All who see them will recognize that
the Lord has blessed them.” 155
61:10 I 156 will greatly rejoice 157 in the Lord;
I will be overjoyed because of my God. 158
For he clothes me in garments of deliverance;
he puts on me a robe symbolizing vindication. 159
I look like a bridegroom when he wears a turban as a priest would;
I look like a bride when she puts on her jewelry. 160
61:11 For just as the ground produces its crops
and a garden yields its produce,
so the sovereign Lord will cause deliverance 161 to grow,
and give his people reason to praise him in the sight of all the nations. 162
62:1 “For the sake of Zion I will not be silent;
for the sake of Jerusalem 163 I will not be quiet,
until her vindication shines brightly 164
and her deliverance burns like a torch.”
62:2 Nations will see your vindication,
and all kings your splendor.
You will be called by a new name
that the Lord himself will give you. 165
62:3 You will be a majestic crown in the hand of the Lord,
a royal turban in the hand of your God.
62:4 You will no longer be called, “Abandoned,”
and your land will no longer be called “Desolate.”
Indeed, 166 you will be called “My Delight is in Her,” 167
and your land “Married.” 168
For the Lord will take delight in you,
and your land will be married to him. 169
62:5 As a young man marries a young woman,
so your sons 170 will marry you.
As a bridegroom rejoices over a bride,
so your God will rejoice over you.
62:6 I 171 post watchmen on your walls, O Jerusalem;
they should keep praying all day and all night. 172
You who pray to 173 the Lord, don’t be silent!
62:7 Don’t allow him to rest until he reestablishes Jerusalem, 174
until he makes Jerusalem the pride 175 of the earth.
62:8 The Lord swears an oath by his right hand,
by his strong arm: 176
“I will never again give your grain
to your enemies as food,
and foreigners will not drink your wine,
which you worked hard to produce.
62:9 But those who harvest the grain 177 will eat it,
and will praise the Lord.
Those who pick the grapes will drink the wine 178
in the courts of my holy sanctuary.”
62:10 Come through! Come through the gates!
Prepare the way for the people!
Build it! Build the roadway!
Remove the stones!
Lift a signal flag for the nations!
62:11 Look, the Lord announces to the entire earth: 179
“Say to Daughter Zion,
‘Look, your deliverer comes!
Look, his reward is with him
and his reward goes before him!’” 180
62:12 They will be called, “The Holy People,
the Ones Protected 181 by the Lord.”
You will be called, “Sought After,
City Not Abandoned.”
63:1 Who is this who comes from Edom, 182
dressed in bright red, coming from Bozrah? 183
Who 184 is this one wearing royal attire, 185
who marches confidently 186 because of his great strength?
“It is I, the one who announces vindication,
and who is able to deliver!” 187
63:2 Why are your clothes red?
Why do you look like someone who has stomped on grapes in a vat? 188
63:3 “I have stomped grapes in the winepress all by myself;
no one from the nations joined me.
I stomped on them 189 in my anger;
I trampled them down in my rage.
Their juice splashed on my garments,
and stained 190 all my clothes.
63:4 For I looked forward to the day of vengeance,
and then payback time arrived. 191
63:5 I looked, but there was no one to help;
I was shocked because there was no one offering support. 192
So my right arm accomplished deliverance;
my raging anger drove me on. 193
63:6 I trampled nations in my anger,
I made them drunk 194 in my rage,
I splashed their blood on the ground.” 195
63:7 I will tell of the faithful acts of the Lord,
of the Lord’s praiseworthy deeds.
I will tell about all 196 the Lord did for us,
the many good things he did for the family of Israel, 197
because of 198 his compassion and great faithfulness.
63:8 He said, “Certainly they will be my people,
children who are not disloyal.” 199
He became their deliverer.
63:9 Through all that they suffered, he suffered too. 200
The messenger sent from his very presence 201 delivered them.
In his love and mercy he protected 202 them;
he lifted them up and carried them throughout ancient times. 203
63:10 But they rebelled and offended 204 his holy Spirit, 205
so he turned into an enemy
and fought against them.
63:11 His people remembered the ancient times. 206
Where is the one who brought them up out of the sea,
along with the shepherd of 207 his flock?
Where is the one who placed his holy Spirit among them, 208
63:12 the one who made his majestic power available to Moses, 209
who divided the water before them,
gaining for himself a lasting reputation, 210
63:13 who led them through the deep water?
Like a horse running on flat land 211 they did not stumble.
63:14 Like an animal that goes down into a valley to graze, 212
so the Spirit of the Lord granted them rest.
In this way 213 you guided your people,
gaining for yourself an honored reputation. 214
63:15 Look down from heaven and take notice,
from your holy, majestic palace!
Where are your zeal 215 and power?
Do not hold back your tender compassion! 216
63:16 For you are our father,
though Abraham does not know us
and Israel does not recognize us.
You, Lord, are our father;
you have been called our protector from ancient times. 217
63:17 Why, Lord, do you make us stray 218 from your ways, 219
and make our minds stubborn so that we do not obey you? 220
Return for the sake of your servants,
the tribes of your inheritance!
63:18 For a short time your special 221 nation possessed a land, 222
but then our adversaries knocked down 223 your holy sanctuary.
63:19 We existed from ancient times, 224
but you did not rule over them,
they were not your subjects. 225
64:1 (63:19b) 226 If only you would tear apart the sky 227 and come down!
The mountains would tremble 228 before you!
64:2 (64:1) As when fire ignites dry wood,
or fire makes water boil,
let your adversaries know who you are, 229
and may the nations shake at your presence!
64:3 When you performed awesome deeds that took us by surprise, 230
you came down, and the mountains trembled 231 before you.
64:4 Since ancient times no one has heard or perceived, 232
no eye has seen any God besides you,
who intervenes for those who wait for him.
64:5 You assist 233 those who delight in doing what is right, 234
who observe your commandments. 235
Look, you were angry because we violated them continually.
How then can we be saved? 236
64:6 We are all like one who is unclean,
all our so-called righteous acts are like a menstrual rag in your sight. 237
We all wither like a leaf;
our sins carry us away like the wind.
64:7 No one invokes 238 your name,
or makes an effort 239 to take hold of you.
For you have rejected us 240
and handed us over to our own sins. 241
64:8 Yet, 242 Lord, you are our father.
We are the clay, and you are our potter;
we are all the product of your labor. 243
64:9 Lord, do not be too angry!
Do not hold our sins against us continually! 244
Take a good look at your people, at all of us! 245
64:10 Your chosen 246 cities have become a desert;
Zion has become a desert,
Jerusalem 247 is a desolate ruin.
64:11 Our holy temple, our pride and joy, 248
the place where our ancestors praised you,
has been burned with fire;
all our prized possessions have been destroyed. 249
64:12 In light of all this, 250 how can you still hold back, Lord?
How can you be silent and continue to humiliate us?
65:1 “I made myself available to those who did not ask for me; 251
I appeared to those who did not look for me. 252
I said, ‘Here I am! Here I am!’
to a nation that did not invoke 253 my name.
65:2 I spread out my hands all day long
to my rebellious people,
who lived in a way that is morally unacceptable,
and who did what they desired. 254
65:3 These people continually and blatantly offend me 255
as they sacrifice in their sacred orchards 256
and burn incense on brick altars. 257
65:4 They sit among the tombs 258
and keep watch all night long. 259
They eat pork, 260
and broth 261 from unclean sacrificial meat is in their pans.
65:5 They say, ‘Keep to yourself!
Don’t get near me, for I am holier than you!’
These people are like smoke in my nostrils,
like a fire that keeps burning all day long.
65:6 Look, I have decreed: 262
I will not keep silent, but will pay them back;
I will pay them back exactly what they deserve, 263
65:7 for your sins and your ancestors’ sins,” 264 says the Lord.
“Because they burned incense on the mountains
and offended 265 me on the hills,
I will punish them in full measure.” 266
65:8 This is what the Lord says:
“When 267 juice is discovered in a cluster of grapes,
someone says, ‘Don’t destroy it, for it contains juice.’ 268
So I will do for the sake of my servants –
I will not destroy everyone. 269
65:9 I will bring forth descendants from Jacob,
and from Judah people to take possession of my mountains.
My chosen ones will take possession of the land; 270
my servants will live there.
65:10 Sharon 271 will become a pasture for sheep,
and the Valley of Achor 272 a place where cattle graze; 273
they will belong to my people, who seek me. 274
65:11 But as for you who abandon the Lord
and forget about worshiping at 275 my holy mountain,
who prepare a feast for the god called ‘Fortune,’ 276
and fill up wine jugs for the god called ‘Destiny’ 277 –
65:12 I predestine you to die by the sword, 278
all of you will kneel down at the slaughtering block, 279
because I called to you, and you did not respond,
I spoke and you did not listen.
You did evil before me; 280
you chose to do what displeases me.”
65:13 So this is what the sovereign Lord says:
“Look, my servants will eat, but you will be hungry!
Look, my servants will drink, but you will be thirsty!
Look, my servants will rejoice, but you will be humiliated!
65:14 Look, my servants will shout for joy as happiness fills their hearts! 281
But you will cry out as sorrow fills your hearts; 282
you will wail because your spirits will be crushed. 283
65:15 Your names will live on in the curse formulas of my chosen ones. 284
The sovereign Lord will kill you,
but he will give his servants another name.
65:16 Whoever pronounces a blessing in the earth 285
will do so in the name of the faithful God; 286
whoever makes an oath in the earth
will do so in the name of the faithful God. 287
For past problems will be forgotten;
I will no longer think about them. 288
65:17 For look, I am ready to create
new heavens and a new earth! 289
The former ones 290 will not be remembered;
no one will think about them anymore. 291
65:18 But be happy and rejoice forevermore
over what I am about to create!
For look, I am ready to create Jerusalem 292 to be a source of joy, 293
and her people to be a source of happiness. 294
65:19 Jerusalem will bring me joy,
and my people will bring me happiness. 295
The sound of weeping or cries of sorrow
will never be heard in her again.
65:20 Never again will one of her infants live just a few days 296
or an old man die before his time. 297
Indeed, no one will die before the age of a hundred, 298
anyone who fails to reach 299 the age of a hundred will be considered cursed.
65:21 They will build houses and live in them;
they will plant vineyards and eat their fruit.
65:22 No longer will they build a house only to have another live in it, 300
or plant a vineyard only to have another eat its fruit, 301
for my people will live as long as trees, 302
and my chosen ones will enjoy to the fullest what they have produced. 303
65:23 They will not work in vain,
or give birth to children that will experience disaster. 304
For the Lord will bless their children
and their descendants. 305
65:24 Before they even call out, 306 I will respond;
while they are still speaking, I will hear.
65:25 A wolf and a lamb will graze together; 307
a lion, like an ox, will eat straw, 308
and a snake’s food will be dirt. 309
They will no longer injure or destroy
on my entire royal mountain,” 310 says the Lord.
66:1 This is what the Lord says:
“The heavens are my throne
and the earth is my footstool.
Where then is the house you will build for me?
Where is the place where I will rest?
that is how they came to be,” 312 says the Lord.
I show special favor 313 to the humble and contrite,
who respect what I have to say. 314
66:3 The one who slaughters a bull also strikes down a man; 315
the one who sacrifices a lamb also breaks a dog’s neck; 316
the one who presents an offering includes pig’s blood with it; 317
the one who offers incense also praises an idol. 318
They have decided to behave this way; 319
they enjoy these disgusting practices. 320
66:4 So I will choose severe punishment 321 for them;
I will bring on them what they dread,
because I called, and no one responded,
I spoke and they did not listen.
They did evil before me; 322
they chose to do what displeases me.”
66:5 Hear the word of the Lord,
you who respect what he has to say! 323
Your countrymen, 324 who hate you
and exclude you, supposedly for the sake of my name,
say, “May the Lord be glorified,
then we will witness your joy.” 325
But they will be put to shame.
66:6 The sound of battle comes from the city;
the sound comes from the temple!
It is the sound of the Lord paying back his enemies.
66:7 Before she goes into labor, she gives birth!
Before her contractions begin, she delivers a boy!
66:8 Who has ever heard of such a thing?
Who has ever seen this?
Can a country 326 be brought forth in one day?
Can a nation be born in a single moment?
Yet as soon as Zion goes into labor she gives birth to sons!
66:9 “Do I bring a baby to the birth opening and then not deliver it?”
asks the Lord.
“Or do I bring a baby to the point of delivery and then hold it back?”
asks your God. 327
66:10 Be happy for Jerusalem
and rejoice with her, all you who love her!
Share in her great joy,
all you who have mourned over her!
66:11 For 328 you will nurse from her satisfying breasts and be nourished; 329
you will feed with joy from her milk-filled breasts. 330
66:12 For this is what the Lord says:
“Look, I am ready to extend to her prosperity that will flow like a river,
the riches of nations will flow into her like a stream that floods its banks. 331
You will nurse from her breast 332 and be carried at her side;
you will play on her knees.
66:13 As a mother consoles a child, 333
so I will console you,
and you will be consoled over Jerusalem.”
66:14 When you see this, you will be happy, 334
and you will be revived. 335
The Lord will reveal his power to his servants
and his anger to his enemies. 336
66:15 For look, the Lord comes with fire,
his chariots come like a windstorm, 337
to reveal his raging anger,
his battle cry, and his flaming arrows. 338
66:16 For the Lord judges all humanity 339
with fire and his sword;
the Lord will kill many. 340
66:17 “As for those who consecrate and ritually purify themselves so they can follow their leader and worship in the sacred orchards, 341 those who eat the flesh of pigs and other disgusting creatures, like mice 342 – they will all be destroyed together,” 343 says the Lord. 66:18 “I hate their deeds and thoughts! So I am coming 344 to gather all the nations and ethnic groups; 345 they will come and witness my splendor. 66:19 I will perform a mighty act among them 346 and then send some of those who remain to the nations – to Tarshish, Pul, 347 Lud 348 (known for its archers 349 ), Tubal, Javan, 350 and to the distant coastlands 351 that have not heard about me or seen my splendor. They will tell the nations of my splendor. 66:20 They will bring back all your countrymen 352 from all the nations as an offering to the Lord. They will bring them 353 on horses, in chariots, in wagons, on mules, and on camels 354 to my holy hill Jerusalem,” says the Lord, “just as the Israelites bring offerings to the Lord’s temple in ritually pure containers. 66:21 And I will choose some of them as priests and Levites,” says the Lord. 66:22 “For just as the new heavens and the new earth I am about to make will remain standing before me,” says the Lord, “so your descendants and your name will remain. 66:23 From one month 355 to the next and from one Sabbath to the next, all people 356 will come to worship me,” 357 says the Lord. 66:24 “They will go out and observe the corpses of those who rebelled against me, for the maggots that eat them will not die, 358 and the fire that consumes them will not die out. 359 All people will find the sight abhorrent.” 360
[58:1] 1 tn Heb “declare to my people their rebellion.”
[58:1] 2 tn Heb “and to the house of Jacob their sin.” The verb “declare” is understood by ellipsis (note the preceding line).
[58:2] 3 tn Heb “ways” (so KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV, TEV); NLT “my laws.”
[58:3] 4 tn The words “they lament” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[58:3] 5 tn Heb “you find pleasure”; NASB “you find your desire.”
[58:3] 6 tn Or perhaps, “debtors.” See HALOT 865 s.v. * עָצֵב.
[58:4] 7 tn Heb “you fast for” (so NASB); NRSV “you fast only to quarrel.”
[58:4] 8 tn Heb “and for striking with a sinful fist.”
[58:5] 9 tn Heb “choose” (so NASB, NRSV); NAB “wish.”
[58:5] 10 tn Heb “a day when man humbles himself.” The words “Do I want” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[58:5] 11 tn Or “making [their] bed.”
[58:6] 12 tn Heb “Is this not a fast I choose?” “No” is supplied in the translation for clarification.
[58:6] 13 tn The words “I want you” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[58:7] 15 tn Heb “Is it not?” The rhetorical question here expects a positive answer, “It is!”
[58:7] 16 tn Heb “and afflicted [ones], homeless [ones] you should bring [into] a house.” On the meaning of מְרוּדִים (mÿrudim, “homeless”) see HALOT 633 s.v. *מָרוּד.
[58:7] 17 tn Heb “and from your flesh do not hide yourself.”
[58:8] 18 tn Heb “will burst out like the dawn.”
[58:8] sn Light here symbolizes God’s favor and restored blessing, as the immediately following context makes clear.
[58:8] 19 tn Heb “prosper”; KJV “spring forth speedily.”
[58:8] 20 tn Or “righteousness.” Their godly behavior will be on display for all to see.
[58:8] 21 sn The nation will experience God’s protective presence.
[58:9] 22 tn Heb “if you.” In the Hebrew text vv. 9b-10 are one long conditional sentence. The protasis (“if” clauses appear in vv. 9b-10a), with the apodosis (“then” clause) appearing in v. 10b.
[58:10] 23 tn Heb “if you.” See the note on “you must” in v. 9b.
[58:10] 24 tn Heb “If you furnish for the hungry [with] your being, and the appetite of the oppressed you satisfy.”
[58:10] 25 tn Heb “will rise in the darkness.”
[58:10] 26 tn Heb “and your darkness [will be] like noonday.”
[58:11] 27 tn Heb “he will satisfy in parched regions your appetite.”
[58:11] 28 tn Heb “and your bones he will strengthen.”
[58:12] 29 tn Heb “and they will build from you ancient ruins.”
[58:12] 30 tc The Hebrew text has “the one who restores paths for dwelling.” The idea of “paths to dwell in” is not a common notion. Some have proposed emending נְתִיבוֹת (nÿtivot, “paths”) to נְתִיצוֹת (nÿtitsot, “ruins”), a passive participle from נָתַץ (natats, “tear down”; see HALOT 732 s.v. *נְתִיצָה), because tighter parallelism with the preceding line is achieved. However, none of the textual sources support this emendation. The line may mean that paths must be repaired in order to dwell in the land.
[58:13] 31 tn Lit., “if you.” In the Hebrew text vv. 13-14 are one long conditional sentence. The protasis (“if” clauses appear in v. 13), with the apodosis (“then” clause) appearing in v. 14.
[58:13] 32 tn Heb “if you turn from the Sabbath your feet.”
[58:13] 33 tn Heb “[from] doing your desires on my holy day.” The Qumran scroll 1QIsaa supplies the preposition מִן (min) on “doing.”
[58:13] 34 tn Heb “and call the Sabbath a pleasure”; KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV “a delight.”
[58:13] 35 tn Heb “and [call] the holy [day] of the Lord honored.” On קָדוֹשׁ (qadosh, “holy”) as indicating a time period, see BDB 872 s.v. 2.e (cf. also Neh 8:9-11).
[58:13] 36 tn Heb “and you honor it [by refraining] from accomplishing your ways, from finding your desire and speaking a word.” It is unlikely that the last phrase (“speaking a word”) is a prohibition against talking on the Sabbath; instead it probably refers to making transactions or plans (see Hos 10:4). Some see here a reference to idle talk (cf. 2 Sam 19:30).
[58:14] 37 tn For a parallel use of the phrase “find joy in” (Hitpael of עָנַג [’anag] followed by the preposition עַל [’al]), see Ps 37:4.
[58:14] 38 tn Heb “and I will cause you to ride upon the heights of the land.” The statement seems to be an allusion to Deut 32:13, where it is associated, as here, with God’s abundant provision of food.
[58:14] 39 tn Heb “and I will cause you to eat the inheritance of Jacob your father.” The Hebrew term נַחֲלָה (nakhalah) likely stands by metonymy for the crops that grow on Jacob’s “inheritance” (i.e., the land he inherited as a result of God’s promise).
[58:14] 40 tn Heb “for the mouth of the Lord has spoken.” The introductory כִּי (ki) may be asseverative (as reflected in the translation) or causal/explanatory, explaining why the preceding promise will become reality (because it is guaranteed by the divine word).
[59:1] 41 tn Heb “short” (so NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV).
[59:1] 42 tn Heb “or his ear too heavy [i.e., “dull”] to hear.”
[59:2] 43 tn Heb “and your sins have caused [his] face to be hidden from you so as not to hear.”
[59:4] 44 tn Heb “no one pleads with justice.”
[59:4] 45 tn Heb “nothing”; NAB “emptiness.”
[59:4] 46 tn Or “trouble” (NIV), or “harm.”
[59:5] 47 tn Heb “that which is pressed in hatches [as] a snake.”
[59:6] 48 tn Heb “their deeds are deeds of sin, and the work of violence [is] in their hands.”
[59:7] 49 tn Heb “their feet run to evil.”
[59:7] 50 tn Heb “they quickly pour out innocent blood.”
[59:7] 51 tn Heb “their thoughts are thoughts of sin, destruction and crushing [are] in their roadways.”
[59:8] 52 tn Heb “a way of peace they do not know, and there is no justice in their pathways.”
[59:8] 53 tn Heb “their paths they make crooked, everyone who walks in it does not know peace.”
[59:9] 54 tn מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat), which refers to “justice” in the earlier verses, here refers to “justice from God,” or “vindication.” Because the people are unjust, God refuses to vindicate them before their enemies. See v. 11.
[59:9] 55 sn The prophet speaks on behalf of the sinful nation and confesses its sins.
[59:9] 56 sn Light here symbolizes prosperity and blessing.
[59:9] 57 tn Heb “but, look, darkness”; NIV “but all is darkness.”
[59:9] 58 tn The words “we wait for” are supplied in the translation; the verb is understood by ellipsis (note the preceding line).
[59:9] 59 tn The plural noun form may indicate degree here.
[59:9] 60 tn Or “walk about”; NCV “all we have is darkness.”
[59:9] 61 tn The plural noun form may indicate degree here.
[59:10] 62 tn Heb “like there are no eyes.”
[59:10] 63 tn Heb among the strong, like dead men.”
[59:11] 64 tn See the note at v. 9.
[59:12] 65 tn Heb “for many are our rebellious deeds before you.”
[59:12] 66 tn Heb “indeed [or “for”] our rebellious deeds (are) with us, and our sins, we know them.”
[59:13] 67 tn Heb “speaking.” A new sentence was started here in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[59:13] 68 tn Heb “conceiving and uttering from the heart words of falsehood.”
[59:14] 69 tn Or “righteousness” (ASV, NASB, NIV, NRSV); KJV, NAB “justice.”
[59:14] 70 tn Or “for” (KJV, NRSV).
[59:15] 71 tn Heb “and it is displeasing in his eyes.”
[59:16] 72 tn Heb “man” (so KJV, ASV); TEV “no one to help.”
[59:16] 73 tn Or “appalled” (NAB, NIV, NRSV), or “disgusted.”
[59:16] 74 tn Heb “and his arm delivers for him.”
[59:16] 75 tn Heb “and his justice [or “righteousness”] supports him.”
[59:17] 76 tn Or “righteousness” (KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT); NCV “goodness.”
[59:17] 77 tn Or “a breastplate” (traditional; so many English versions); TEV “a coat of armour.”
[59:17] 78 tn Heb “and [as] a helmet deliverance on his head.”
[59:17] 79 tn Heb “and he puts on the clothes of vengeance [as] a garment.”
[59:18] 80 tn Heb “in accordance with deeds, so he repays, anger to his adversaries, repayment to his enemies.”
[59:18] 81 tn Or “islands” (KJV, NIV).
[59:19] 82 tc Heb “fear.” A few medieval Hebrew
[59:19] 83 tn Heb “and they fear from the west the name of the Lord.”
[59:19] 84 tn Heb “and from the rising of the sun his splendor.”
[59:19] 85 tn Heb “narrow”; NAB, NIV, NRSV “pent-up.”
[59:19] 86 tn Heb “the wind of the Lord drives it on.” The term רוּחַ (ruakh) could be translated “breath” here (see 30:28).
[59:20] 87 tn Or “redeemer.” See the note at 41:14.
[59:20] 88 tn Heb “and to those who turn from rebellion in Jacob.”
[59:21] 89 tn Or “my covenant with” (so many English versions); NCV “my agreement with.”
[59:21] sn The Lord promises the repentant (note “to them”) that they and their offspring will possess his spirit and function as his spokesmen. In this regard they follow in the footsteps of the Lord’s special servant. See 42:1; 49:2; 51:16.
[59:21] 90 tn Heb “from now and on into the future.”
[60:1] 91 tn Or “glory” (so most English versions).
[60:2] 92 tn The verb “covers” is understood by ellipsis (note the preceding line).
[60:2] 93 tn Or “glory” (so most English versions); TEV “the brightness of his presence.”
[60:4] 94 tn Heb “Lift up around your eyes and see!”
[60:5] 95 tn Or “shine,” or “be radiant” (NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV).
[60:5] 96 tn Heb “and it will tremble and be wide, your heart.”
[60:5] 97 tn Heb “the wealth of the sea,” i.e., wealth that is transported from distant lands via the sea.
[60:6] 98 tn Heb “an abundance of camels will cover you.”
[60:6] 99 tn Heb “all of them, from Sheba.”
[60:6] 100 tn Heb “and they will announce the praises of the Lord.”
[60:7] 101 tn Heb “will serve you,” i.e., be available as sacrifices (see the next line). Another option is to understood these “rams” as symbolic of leaders who will be subject to the people of Zion. See v. 10.
[60:7] 102 tc Heb “they will go up on acceptance [on] my altar.” Some have suggested that the preposition עַל (’al) is dittographic (note the preceding יַעֲלוּ [ya’alu]). Consequently, the form should be emended to לְרָצוֹן (lÿratson, “acceptably”; see BDB 953 s.v. רָצוֹן). However, the Qumran scroll 1QIsaa has both לרצון followed by the preposition על, which would argue against deleted the preposition. As the above translation seeks to demonstrate, the preposition עַל (’al) indicates a norm (“in accordance with acceptance” or “acceptably”; IBHS 218 §11.2.13e, n. 111) and the “altar” functions as an objective accusative with a verb of motion (cf. Gen 49:4; Lev 2:2; Num 13:17; J. N. Oswalt, Isaiah [NICOT], 2:534, n. 14).
[60:8] 103 tn Heb “fly” (so KJV, NASB, NRSV); NAB, NIV “fly along.”
[60:8] 104 tn Heb “to their windows,” i.e., to the openings in their coops. See HALOT 83 s.v. אֲרֻבָּה.
[60:9] 105 tn Or “islands” (NIV); CEV “distant islands”; TEV “distant lands.”
[60:9] 106 tn Heb “the ships of Tarshish.” See the note at 2:16.
[60:9] 107 tn Heb “to the name of the Lord your God.”
[60:9] 108 sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.
[60:10] 109 tn Heb “in my favor I will have compassion on you.”
[60:11] 110 tn Or “led in procession.” The participle is passive.
[60:12] 111 tn Or “For” (KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT); TEV “But.”
[60:12] 112 tn The infinitive absolute appears before the finite verb for emphasis.
[60:13] 113 tn Or “holy place, sanctuary.”
[60:13] 114 tn Heb “the place of my feet.” See Ezek 43:7, where the Lord’s throne is called the “place of the soles of my feet.”
[60:14] 115 sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.
[60:15] 116 tn Heb “Instead of your being abandoned and despised, with no one passing through, I will make you.”
[60:16] 117 sn The nations and kings are depicted as a mother nursing her children. Restored Zion will be nourished by them as she receives their wealth as tribute.
[60:16] 118 tn Or “redeemer.” See the note at 41:14.
[60:16] 119 sn See 1:24 and 49:26.
[60:17] 120 tn The words “I will bring you” are supplied in the translation; they are understood by ellipsis (see the preceding lines).
[60:17] 121 tn The words “I will bring you” are supplied in the translation; they are understood by ellipsis (see the first two lines of the verse).
[60:17] 122 tn Or “peace” (KJV and many other English versions).
[60:17] 123 tn The plural indicates degree. The language is ironic; in the past Zion was ruled by oppressive tyrants, but now personified prosperity and vindication will be the only things that will “dominate” the city.
[60:18] 124 tn The words “sounds of” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[60:18] 125 tn The words “sounds of” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[60:19] 126 tn Heb “and your God for your splendor.”
[60:20] 127 sn In this verse “sun” and “moon” refer to the Lord’s light, which will replace the sun and moon (see v. 19). Light here symbolizes the restoration of divine blessing and prosperity in conjunction with the Lord’s presence. See 30:26.
[60:20] 128 tn Heb “days” (so KJV, NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT).
[60:21] 129 tn Or “righteous” (NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT); NAB “just.”
[60:21] 130 tn Heb “a shoot of his planting, the work of my hands, to reveal splendor.”
[60:22] 131 tn Heb “will become” (so NASB, NIV).
[60:22] 132 tn Heb “I, the Lord, in its time, I will quickly do it.”
[61:1] 133 tn Heb “anointed,” i.e., designated to carry out an assigned task.
[61:1] 134 sn The speaker is not identified, but he is distinct from the Lord and from Zion’s suffering people. He possesses the divine spirit, is God’s spokesman, and is sent to release prisoners from bondage. The evidence suggests he is the Lord’s special servant, described earlier in the servant songs (see 42:1-4, 7; 49:2, 9; 50:4; see also 51:16).
[61:1] 135 tn Or “sent” (NAB); NCV “has appointed me.”
[61:1] 136 tn Or “proclaim good news to.”
[61:1] 137 tn Heb “to bind up [the wounds of].”
[61:2] 138 tn Heb “to announce the year of the Lord’s favor, and the day of our God’s vengeance.
[61:3] 139 tn Heb “oil of joy” (KJV, ASV); NASB, NIV, NRSV “the oil of gladness.”
[61:3] 140 tn Heb “garment of praise.”
[61:3] 141 tn Heb “a faint spirit” (so NRSV); KJV, ASV “the spirit of heaviness”; NASB “a spirit of fainting.”
[61:3] 142 tn Rather than referring to the character of the people, צֶדֶק (tsedeq) may carry the nuance “vindication” here, suggesting that God’s restored people are a testimony to his justice. See v. 2, which alludes to the fact that God will take vengeance against the enemies of his people. Cf. NAB “oaks of justice.”
[61:3] 143 tn Heb “a planting of the Lord to reveal splendor.”
[61:4] 144 tn Heb “and the formerly desolate places they will raise up.”
[61:5] 145 sn The Lord speaks in vv. 7-8 (and possibly v. 9). It is not clear where the servant’s speech (see vv. 1-3a) ends and the Lord’s begins. Perhaps the direct address to the people signals the beginning of the Lord’s speech.
[61:5] 146 tn Heb “will stand [in position] and shepherd.”
[61:6] 147 tn The Hebrew text adds, “it will be said concerning you.”
[61:6] 148 tn Heb “eat” (KJV, NAB, NASB); NIV “feed on”; NLT “be fed with.”
[61:6] 149 tc The form in the Hebrew text is probably a corruption of יִתְאַמְּרוּ (yit’ammÿru), a Hitpael from אָמַר (’amar), meaning “boast about” (see HALOT 67 s.v. II אמר, HALOT 416 s.v. ימר, and BDB 56 s.v. אָמַר).
[61:6] 150 tn Heb “their glory” (i.e., riches).
[61:7] 151 tn Heb “instead of your shame, a double portion.”
[61:7] 152 tn Heb “and [instead of] humiliation they will rejoice [over] their portion.” The term תָחָת (takhat, “instead of”) is understood by ellipsis (note the preceding line).
[61:7] 153 tn Heb “therefore” (so KJV, NASB); NIV “and so.”
[61:8] 154 tn Heb “in faithfulness”; NASB, NRSV, NLT “faithfully.”
[61:9] 155 tn Heb “all who see them will recognize them, that they [are] descendants [whom] the Lord has blessed.”
[61:10] 156 sn The speaker in vv. 10-11 is not identified, but it is likely that the personified nation (or perhaps Zion) responds here to the Lord’s promise of restoration.
[61:10] 157 tn The infinitive absolute appears before the finite verb for emphasis.
[61:10] 158 tn Heb “my being is happy in my God”; NAB “in my God is the joy of my soul.”
[61:10] 159 tn Heb “robe of vindication”; KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV “robe of righteousness.”
[61:10] 160 tn Heb “like a bridegroom [who] acts like a priest [by wearing] a turban, and like a bride [who] wears her jewelry.” The words “I look” are supplied for stylistic reasons and clarification.
[61:11] 161 tn Or perhaps, “righteousness,” but the context seems to emphasize deliverance and restoration (see v. 10 and 62:1).
[61:11] 162 tn Heb “and praise before all the nations.”
[62:1] 163 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[62:1] 164 tn Heb “goes forth like brightness.”
[62:2] 165 tn Heb “which the mouth of the Lord will designate.”
[62:4] 166 tn Or “for”; KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV “but.”
[62:4] 167 tn Hebrew חֶפְצִי־בָהּ (kheftsi-vah), traditionally transliterated “Hephzibah” (so KJV, ASV, NIV).
[62:4] 168 tn Hebrew בְּעוּלָה (bÿ’ulah), traditionally transliterated “Beulah” (so KJV, ASV, NIV).
[62:4] 169 tn That is, the land will be restored to the Lord’s favor and once again enjoy his blessing and protection. To indicate the land’s relationship to the Lord, the words “to him” have been supplied at the end of the clause.
[62:5] 170 tc The Hebrew text has “your sons,” but this produces an odd metaphor and is somewhat incongruous with the parallelism. In the context (v. 4b, see also 54:5-7) the Lord is the one who “marries” Zion. Therefore several prefer to emend “your sons” to בֹּנָיִךְ (bonayikh, “your builder”; e.g., NRSV). In Ps 147:2 the Lord is called the “builder of Jerusalem.” However, this emendation is not the best option for at least four reasons. First, although the Lord is never called the “builder” of Jerusalem in Isaiah, the idea of Zion’s children possessing the land does occur (Isa 49:20; 54:3; cf. also 14:1; 60:21). Secondly, all the ancient versions support the MT reading. Thirdly, although the verb בָּעַל (ba’al) can mean “to marry,” its basic idea is “to possess.” Consequently, the verb stresses a relationship more than a state. All the ancient versions render this verb “to dwell in” or “to dwell with.” The point is not just that the land will be reinhabited, but that it will be in a relationship of “belonging” to the Israelites. Hence a relational verb like בָּעַל is used (J. N. Oswalt, Isaiah [NICOT], 2:581). Finally, “sons” is a well-known metaphor for “inhabitants” (J. de Waard, Isaiah, 208).
[62:6] 171 sn The speaker here is probably the prophet.
[62:6] 172 tn Heb “all day and all night continually they do not keep silent.” The following lines suggest that they pray for the Lord’s intervention and restoration of the city.
[62:6] 173 tn Or “invoke”; NIV “call on”; NASB, NRSV “remind.”
[62:7] 174 tn “Jerusalem” is supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons; note the following line.
[62:7] 175 tn Heb “[the object of] praise.”
[62:8] 176 tn The Lord’s right hand and strong arm here symbolize his power and remind the audience that his might guarantees the fulfillment of the following promise.
[62:9] 177 tn Heb “it,” the grain mentioned in v. 8a.
[62:9] 178 tn Heb “and those who gather it will drink it.” The masculine singular pronominal suffixes attached to “gather” and “drink” refer back to the masculine noun תִּירוֹשׁ (tirosh, “wine”) in v. 8b.
[62:11] 179 tn Heb “to the end of the earth” (so NASB, NRSV).
[62:11] 180 sn As v. 12 indicates, the returning exiles are the Lord’s reward/prize. See also 40:10 and the note there.
[62:12] 181 tn Or “the redeemed of the Lord” (KJV, NAB).
[63:1] 182 sn Edom is here an archetype for the Lord’s enemies. See 34:5.
[63:1] 183 tn Heb “[in] bright red garments, from Bozrah.”
[63:1] 184 tn The interrogative particle is understood by ellipsis; note the first line of the verse.
[63:1] 185 tn Heb “honored in his clothing”; KJV, ASV “glorious in his apparel.”
[63:1] 186 tc The Hebrew text has צָעָה (tsa’ah), which means “stoop, bend” (51:14). The translation assumes an emendation to צָעַד (tsa’ad, “march”; see BDB 858 s.v. צָעָה).
[63:1] 187 tn Heb “I, [the one] speaking in vindication [or “righteousness”], great to deliver.”
[63:2] 188 tn Heb “and your garments like one who treads in a vat?”
[63:3] 189 sn Nations, headed by Edom, are the object of the Lord’s anger (see v. 6). He compares military slaughter to stomping on grapes in a vat.
[63:3] 190 tn Heb “and I stained.” For discussion of the difficult verb form, see HALOT 170 s.v. II גאל. Perhaps the form is mixed, combining the first person forms of the imperfect (note the alef prefix) and perfect (note the תי- ending).
[63:4] 191 tn Heb “for the day of vengeance was in my heart, and the year of my revenge came.” The term גְּאוּלַי (gÿ’ulai) is sometimes translated here “my redemption,” for the verbal root גאל often means “deliver, buy back.” A גֹּאֵל (go’el, “kinsman-redeemer”) was responsible for protecting the extended family’s interests, often by redeeming property that had been sold outside the family. However, the responsibilities of a גֹּאֵל extended beyond financial concerns. He was also responsible for avenging the shed blood of a family member (see Num 35:19-27; Deut 19:6-12). In Isa 63:4, where vengeance is a prominent theme (note the previous line), it is probably this function of the family protector that is in view. The Lord pictures himself as a blood avenger who waits for the day of vengeance to arrive and then springs into action.
[63:5] 192 sn See Isa 59:16 for similar language.
[63:5] 193 tn Heb “and my anger, it supported me”; NIV “my own wrath sustained me.”
[63:6] 194 sn See Isa 49:26 and 51:23 for similar imagery.
[63:6] 195 tn Heb “and I brought down to the ground their juice.” “Juice” refers to their blood (see v. 3).
[63:7] 196 tn Heb “according to all which.”
[63:7] 197 tn Heb “greatness of goodness to the house of Israel which he did for them.”
[63:7] 198 tn Heb “according to.”
[63:8] 199 tn Heb “children [who] do not act deceitfully.” Here the verb refers to covenantal loyalty.
[63:9] 200 tn Heb “in all their distress, there was distress to him” (reading לוֹ [lo] with the margin/Qere).
[63:9] 201 tn Heb “the messenger [or “angel”] of his face”; NIV “the angel of his presence.”
[63:9] sn This may refer to the “angel of God” mentioned in Exod 14:19, who in turn may be identical to the divine “presence” (literally, “face”) referred to in Exod 33:14-15 and Deut 4:37. Here in Isa 63 this messenger may be equated with God’s “holy Spirit” (see vv. 10-11) and “the Spirit of the Lord” (v. 14). See also Ps 139:7, where God’s “Spirit” seems to be equated with his “presence” (literally, “face”) in the synonymous parallelistic structure.
[63:9] 202 tn Or “redeemed” (KJV, NAB, NIV), or “delivered.”
[63:9] 203 tn Heb “all the days of antiquity”; KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV “days of old.”
[63:10] 204 tn Or “grieved, hurt the feelings of.”
[63:10] 205 sn The phrase “holy Spirit” occurs in the OT only here (in v. 11 as well) and in Ps 51:11 (51:13 HT), where it is associated with the divine presence.
[63:11] 206 tn Heb “and he remembered the days of antiquity, Moses, his people.” The syntax of the statement is unclear. The translation assumes that “his people” is the subject of the verb “remembered.” If original, “Moses” is in apposition to “the days of antiquity,” more precisely identifying the time period referred to. However, the syntactical awkwardness suggests that “Moses” may have been an early marginal note (perhaps identifying “the shepherd of his flock” two lines later) that has worked its way into the text.
[63:11] 207 tn The Hebrew text has a plural form, which if retained and taken as a numerical plural, would probably refer to Moses, Aaron, and the Israelite tribal leaders at the time of the Exodus. Most prefer to emend the form to the singular (רָעָה, ra’ah) and understand this as a reference just to Moses.
[63:11] 208 sn See the note at v. 10.
[63:12] 209 tn Heb “who caused to go at the right hand of Moses the arm of his splendor.”
[63:12] 210 tn Heb “making for himself a lasting name.”
[63:13] 211 tn Heb “in the desert [or “steppe”].”
[63:14] 212 tn The words “to graze” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[63:14] 213 tn Or “so” (KJV, ASV), or “thus” (NAB, NRSV).
[63:14] 214 tn Heb “making for yourself a majestic name.”
[63:15] 215 tn This probably refers to his zeal for his people, which motivates him to angrily strike out against their enemies.
[63:15] 216 tn The Hebrew text reads literally, “the agitation of your intestines and your compassion to me they are held back.” The phrase “agitation of your intestines” is metonymic, referring to the way in which one’s nervous system reacts when one feels pity and compassion toward another. אֵלַי (’elay, “to me”) is awkward in this context, where the speaker represents the nation and, following the introduction (see v. 7), utilizes first person plural forms. The translation assumes an emendation to the negative particle אַל (’al). This also necessitates emending the following verb form (which is a plural perfect) to a singular jussive (תִתְאַפָּק, tit’appaq). The Hitpael of אָפַק (’afaq) also occurs in 42:14.
[63:16] 217 tn Heb “our protector [or “redeemer”] from antiquity [is] your name.”
[63:17] 218 tn Some suggest a tolerative use of the Hiphil here, “[why do] you allow us to stray?” (cf. NLT). Though the Hiphil of תָעָה (ta’ah) appears to be tolerative in Jer 50:6, elsewhere it is preferable or necessary to take it as causative. See Isa 3:12; 9:15; and 30:28, as well as Gen 20:13; 2 Kgs 21:9; Job 12:24-25; Prov 12:26; Jer 23:13, 32; Hos 4:12; Amos 2:4; Mic 3:5.
[63:17] 219 tn This probably refers to God’s commands.
[63:17] 220 tn Heb “[Why do] you harden our heart[s] so as not to fear you.” The interrogative particle is understood by ellipsis (note the preceding line).
[63:17] sn How direct this hardening is, one cannot be sure. The speaker may envision direct involvement on the Lord’s part. The Lord has brought the exile as judgment for the nation’s sin and now he continues to keep them at arm’s length by blinding them spiritually. The second half of 64:7 might support this, though the precise reading of the final verb is uncertain. On the other hand, the idiom of lament is sometimes ironic and hyperbolically deterministic. For example, Naomi lamented that Shaddai was directly opposing her and bringing her calamity (Ruth 1:20-21), while the author of Ps 88 directly attributes his horrible suffering and loneliness to God (see especially vv. 6-8, 16-18). Both individuals make little, if any, room for intermediate causes or the principle of sin and death which ravages the human race. In the same way, the speaker in Isa 63:17 (who evidences great spiritual sensitivity and is anything but “hardened”) may be referring to the hardships of exile, which discouraged and even embittered the people, causing many of them to retreat from their Yahwistic faith. In this case, the “hardening” in view is more indirect and can be lifted by the Lord’s intervention. Whether the hardening here is indirect or direct, it is important to recognize that the speaker sees it as one of the effects of rebellion against the Lord (note especially 64:5-6).
[63:18] 221 tn Or “holy” (ASV, NASB, NRSV, TEV, NLT).
[63:18] 222 tn Heb “for a short time they had a possession, the people of your holiness.”
[63:18] 223 tn Heb “your adversaries trampled on.”
[63:19] 224 tn Heb “we were from antiquity” (see v. 16). The collocation עוֹלָם + מִן + הָיָה (hayah + min + ’olam) occurs only here.
[63:19] 225 tn Heb “you did not rule them, your name was not called over them.” The expression “the name is called over” indicates ownership; see the note at 4:1. As these two lines stand they are very difficult to interpret. They appear to be stating that the adversaries just mentioned in v. 18 have not been subject to the Lord’s rule in the past, perhaps explaining why they could commit the atrocity described in v. 18b.
[64:1] 226 sn In BHS the chapter division occurs in a different place from the English Bible: 64:1 ET (63:19b HT) and 64:2-12 (64:1-11 HT). Beginning with 65:1 the verse numbers in the English Bible and the Hebrew Bible are again the same.
[64:1] 227 tn Or “the heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heavens” or “sky” depending on the context.
[64:1] 228 tn Or “quake.” נָזֹלּוּ (nazollu) is from the verbal root זָלַל (zalal, “quake”; see HALOT 272 s.v. II זלל). Perhaps there is a verbal allusion to Judg 5:5, the only other passage where this verb occurs. In that passage the poet tells how the Lord’s appearance to do battle caused the mountains to shake.
[64:2] 229 tn Heb “to make known your name to your adversaries.” Perhaps the infinitive construct with preposition -לְ (lamed) should be construed with “come down” in v. 1a, or subordinated to the following line: “To make known your name to your adversaries, let the nations shake from before you.”
[64:3] 230 tn Heb “[for which] we were not waiting.”
[64:3] 231 tn See the note at v. 1.
[64:4] 232 tn Heb “from ancient times they have not heard, they have not listened.”
[64:5] 233 tn Heb “meet [with kindness].”
[64:5] 234 tn Heb “the one who rejoices and does righteousness.”
[64:5] 235 tn Heb “in your ways they remember you.”
[64:5] 236 tc The Hebrew text reads literally, “look, you were angry and we sinned against them continually [or perhaps, “in ancient times”] and we were delivered.” The statement makes little sense as it stands. The first vav [ו] consecutive (“and we sinned”) must introduce an explanatory clause here (see Num 1:48 and Isa 39:1 for other examples of this relatively rare use of the vav [ו] consecutive). The final verb (if rendered positively) makes no sense in this context – God’s anger at their sin resulted in judgment, not deliverance. One of the alternatives involves an emendation to וַנִּרְשָׁע (vannirsha’, “and we were evil”; LXX, NRSV, TEV). The Vulgate and the Qumran scroll 1QIsaa support the MT reading. One can either accept an emendation or cast the statement as a question (as above).
[64:6] 237 tn Heb “and like a garment of menstruation [are] all our righteous acts”; KJV, NIV “filthy rags”; ASV “a polluted garment.”
[64:7] 238 tn Or “calls out in”; NASB, NIV, NRSV “calls on.”
[64:7] 239 tn Or “rouses himself”; NASB “arouses himself.”
[64:7] 240 tn Heb “for you have hidden your face from us.”
[64:7] 241 tc The Hebrew text reads literally, “and you caused us to melt in the hand of our sin.” The verb וַתְּמוּגֵנוּ (vattÿmugenu) is a Qal preterite 2nd person masculine singular with a 1st person common plural suffix from the root מוּג (mug, “melt”). However, elsewhere the Qal of this verb is intransitive. If the verbal root מוּג (mug) is retained here, the form should be emended to a Polel pattern (וַתְּמֹגְגֵנוּ, vattÿmogÿgenu). The translation assumes an emendation to וַתְּמַגְּנֵנוּ (vattÿmaggÿnenu, “and you handed us over”). This form is a Piel preterite 2nd person masculine singular with a 1st person common plural suffix from the verbal root מִגֵּן (miggen, “hand over, surrender”; see HALOT 545 s.v. מגן and BDB 171 s.v. מָגָן). The point is that God has abandoned them to their sinful ways and no longer seeks reconciliation.
[64:8] 242 tn On the force of וְעַתָּה (vÿ’attah) here, see HALOT 902 s.v. עַתָּה.
[64:8] 243 tn Heb “the work of your hand.”
[64:9] 244 tn Heb “do not remember sin continually.”
[64:9] 245 tn Heb “Look, gaze at your people, all of us.” Another option is to translate, “Take a good look! We are all your people.”
[64:10] 246 tn Heb “holy” (so KJV, NASB, NRSV, NLT); NIV “sacred.”
[64:10] 247 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[64:11] 248 tn Heb “our source of pride.”
[64:11] 249 tn Or “all that we valued has become a ruin.”
[64:12] 250 tn Heb “because of these”; KJV, ASV “for these things.”
[65:1] 251 tn Heb “I allowed myself to be sought by those who did not ask.”
[65:1] 252 tn Heb “I allowed myself to be found by those who did not seek.”
[65:1] 253 tn Heb “call out in”; NASB, NIV, NRSV “call on.”
[65:2] 254 tn Heb “who walked [in] the way that is not good, after their thoughts.”
[65:3] 255 tn Heb “the people who provoke me to anger to my face continually.”
[65:3] 256 tn Or “gardens” (KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT).
[65:3] 257 tn Or perhaps, “on tiles.”
[65:4] 258 sn Perhaps the worship of underworld deities or dead spirits is in view.
[65:4] 259 tn The Hebrew text reads literally, “and in the watches they spend the night.” Some understand נְּצוּרִים (nÿtsurim) as referring to “secret places” or “caves,” while others emend the text to וּבֵין צוּרִים (uven tsurim, “between the rocky cliffs”).
[65:4] 260 tn Heb “the flesh of the pig”; KJV, NAB, NASB “swine’s flesh.”
[65:4] 261 tc The marginal reading (Qere), supported by the Qumran scroll 1QIsaa, reads מְרַק (mÿraq, “broth”), while the consonantal text (Kethib) has פְרַק (feraq, “fragment”).
[65:6] 262 tn Heb “Look, it is written before me.”
[65:6] 263 tn Heb “I will pay back into their lap.”
[65:7] 264 tn Heb “the iniquities of your fathers.”
[65:7] 265 tn Or perhaps, “taunted”; KJV “blasphemed”; NAB “disgraced”; NASB “scorned”; NIV “defied”; NRSV “reviled.”
[65:7] 266 tn Heb “I will measure out their pay [from the] beginning into their lap,” i.e., he will give them everything they have earned.
[65:8] 267 tn Heb “just as.” In the Hebrew text the statement is one long sentence, “Just as…, so I will do….”
[65:8] 268 tn Heb “for a blessing is in it.”
[65:8] 269 tn Heb “by not destroying everyone.”
[65:9] 270 tn Heb “it.” The third feminine singular pronominal suffix probably refers to the land which contains the aforementioned mountains.
[65:10] 271 sn Sharon was a plain located to the west, along the Mediterranean coast north of Joppa and south of Carmel.
[65:10] 272 sn The Valley of Achor (“Achor” means “trouble” in Hebrew) was the site of Achan’s execution. It was located to the east, near Jericho.
[65:10] 273 tn Heb “a resting place for cattle”; NASB, NIV “for herds.”
[65:10] 274 tn Heb “for my people who seek me.”
[65:11] 275 tn The Hebrew text has simply, “forget.” The words “about worshiping at” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[65:11] 276 tn The Hebrew has לַגַּד (laggad, “for Gad”), the name of a pagan deity. See HALOT 176 s.v. II גַּד 2.
[65:11] 277 tn The Hebrew has לַמְנִי (lamni, “for Meni”), the name of a pagan deity. See HALOT 602 s.v. מְגִי.
[65:12] 278 tn Heb “I assign you to the sword.” Some emend the Qal verb form מָנִיתִי (maniti, “I assign”) to the Piel מִנִּיתִי (minniti, “ I ordain”). The verb sounds like the name of the god Meni (מְנִי, mÿni, “Destiny, Fate”). The sound play draws attention to the irony of the statement. The sinners among God’s people worship the god Meni, apparently in an effort to ensure a bright destiny for themselves. But the Lord is the one who really determines their destiny and he has decreed their demise.
[65:12] 279 tn Or “at the slaughter”; NIV “for the slaughter”; NLT “before the executioner.”
[65:12] 280 tn Heb “that which is evil in my eyes.”
[65:14] 281 tn Heb “from the good of the heart.”
[65:14] 282 tn Heb “from the pain of the heart.”
[65:14] 283 tn Heb “from the breaking of the spirit.”
[65:15] 284 tn Heb “you will leave your name for an oath to my chosen ones.”
[65:15] sn For an example of such a curse formula see Jer 29:22.
[65:16] 285 tn Or “in the land” (NIV, NCV, NRSV). The same phrase occurs again later in this verse, with the same options.
[65:16] 286 tn Heb “will pronounce a blessing by the God of truth.”
[65:16] 287 tn Heb “will take an oath by the God of truth.”
[65:16] 288 tn Heb “for the former distresses will be forgotten, and they will be hidden from my eyes.”
[65:17] 289 sn This hyperbolic statement likens the coming transformation of Jerusalem (see vv. 18-19) to a new creation of the cosmos.
[65:17] 290 tn Or perhaps, “the former things” (so ASV, NASB, NIV, NRSV); TEV “The events of the past.”
[65:17] 291 tn Heb “and they will not come up on the mind.”
[65:18] 292 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[65:18] 293 tn Heb “Jerusalem, joy.” The next verse suggests the meaning: The Lord will create Jerusalem to be a source of joy to himself.
[65:18] 294 tn Heb “her people, happiness.” See the preceding note.
[65:19] 295 tn Heb “and I will rejoice in Jerusalem, and be happy in my people.”
[65:20] 296 tn Heb “and there will not be from there again a nursing infant of days,” i.e., one that lives just a few days.
[65:20] 297 tn Heb “or an old [man] who does not fill out his days.”
[65:20] 298 tn Heb “for the child as a son of one hundred years will die.” The point seems to be that those who die at the age of a hundred will be considered children, for the average life span will be much longer than that. The category “child” will be redefined in light of the expanded life spans that will characterize this new era.
[65:20] 299 tn Heb “the one who misses.” חָטָא (khata’) is used here in its basic sense of “miss the mark.” See HALOT 305 s.v. חטא. Another option is to translate, “and the sinner who reaches the age of a hundred will be cursed.”
[65:22] 300 tn Heb “they will not build, and another live [in it].”
[65:22] 301 tn Heb “they will not plant, and another eat.”
[65:22] 302 tn Heb “for like the days of the tree [will be] the days of my people.”
[65:22] 303 tn Heb “the work of their hands” (so KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV); NLT “their hard-won gains.”
[65:23] 304 tn Heb “and they will not give birth to horror.”
[65:23] 305 tn Heb “for offspring blessed by the Lord they [will be], and their descendants along with them.”
[65:24] 306 tn The verb that introduces this verse serves as a discourse particle and is untranslated; see note on “in the future” in 2:2.
[65:25] 307 sn A similar statement appears in 11:6.
[65:25] 308 sn These words also appear in 11:7.
[65:25] 309 sn Some see an allusion to Gen 3:14 (note “you will eat dirt”). The point would be that even in this new era the snake (often taken as a symbol of Satan) remains under God’s curse. However, it is unlikely that such an allusion exists. Even if there is an echo of Gen 3:14, the primary allusion is to 11:8, where snakes are pictured as no longer dangerous. They will no longer attack other living creatures, but will be content to crawl along the ground. (The statement “you will eat dirt” in Gen 3:14 means “you will crawl on the ground.” In the same way the statement “dirt will be its food” in Isa 65:25 means “it will crawl on the ground.”)
[65:25] 310 tn Heb “in all my holy mountain.” These same words appear in 11:9. See the note there.
[65:25] sn As in 11:1-9 the prophet anticipates a time when the categories predator-prey no longer exist. See the note at the end of 11:8.
[66:2] 311 tn Heb “all these.” The phrase refers to the heavens and earth, mentioned in the previous verse.
[66:2] 312 tn Heb “and all these were.” Some prefer to emend וַיִּהְיוּ (vayyihyu, “and they were”) to וְלִי הָיוּ (vÿli hayu, “and to me they were”), i.e., “and they belong to me.”
[66:2] 313 tn Heb “and to this one I look” (KJV and NASB both similar).
[66:2] 314 tn Heb “to the humble and the lowly in spirit and the one who trembles at my words.”
[66:3] 315 tn Heb “one who slaughters a bull, one who strikes down a man.” Some understand a comparison here and in the following lines. In God’s sight the one who sacrifices is like (i.e., regarded as) a murderer or one whose worship is ritually defiled or idolatrous. The translation above assumes that the language is not metaphorical, but descriptive of the sinners’ hypocritical behavior. (Note the last two lines of the verse, which suggests they are guilty of abominable practices.) On the one hand, they act pious and offer sacrifices; but at the same time they commit violent crimes against men, defile their sacrifices, and worship other gods.
[66:3] 316 tn Heb “one who sacrifices a lamb, one who breaks a dog’s neck.” Some understand a comparison, but see the previous note.
[66:3] sn The significance of breaking a dog’s neck is uncertain, though the structure of the statement when compared to the preceding and following lines suggests the action is viewed in a negative light. According to Exod 13:13 and 34:20, one was to “redeem” a firstborn donkey by offering a lamb; if one did not “redeem” the firstborn donkey in this way, then its neck must be broken. According to Deut 21:1-9 a heifer’s neck was to be broken as part of the atonement ritual to purify the land from the guilt of bloodshed. It is not certain if these passages relate in any way to the action described in Isa 66:3.
[66:3] 317 tn Heb “one who offers an offering, pig’s blood.” Some understand a comparison, but see the note at the end of the first line.
[66:3] 318 tn Heb “one who offers incense as a memorial offering, one who blesses something false.” Some understand a comparison, but see the note at the end of the first line. אָוֶן (’aven), which has a wide variety of attested nuances, here refers metonymically to an idol. See HALOT 22 s.v. and BDB 20 s.v. 2.
[66:3] 319 tn Heb “also they have chosen their ways.”
[66:3] 320 tn Heb “their being [or “soul”] takes delight in their disgusting [things].”
[66:4] 321 tn The precise meaning of the noun is uncertain. It occurs only here and in 3:4 (but see the note there). It appears to be derived from the verbal root עָלַל (’alal), which can carry the nuance “deal severely.”
[66:4] 322 tn Heb “that which is evil in my eyes.”
[66:5] 323 tn Heb “who tremble at his word.”
[66:5] 324 tn Heb “brothers” (so NASB, NIV); NRSV “Your own people”; NLT “Your close relatives.”
[66:5] 325 tn Or “so that we might witness your joy.” The point of this statement is unclear.
[66:8] 326 tn Heb “land,” but here אֶרֶץ (’erets) stands metonymically for an organized nation (see the following line).
[66:9] 327 sn The rhetorical questions expect the answer, “Of course not!”
[66:11] 328 tn Or “in order that”; ASV, NRSV “that.”
[66:11] 329 tn Heb “you will suck and be satisfied, from her comforting breast.”
[66:11] 330 tn Heb “you will slurp and refresh yourselves from her heavy breast.”
[66:11] sn Zion’s residents will benefit from and enjoy her great material prosperity. See v. 12.
[66:12] 331 tn Heb “Look, I am ready to extend to her like a river prosperity [or “peace”], and like an overflowing stream, the riches of nations.”
[66:12] 332 tn The words “from her breast” are supplied in the translation for clarification (see v. 11).
[66:13] 333 tn Heb “like a man whose mother comforts him.”
[66:14] 334 tn “and you will see and your heart will be happy.”
[66:14] 335 tn Heb “and your bones like grass will sprout.”
[66:14] 336 tn Heb “and the hand of the Lord will be made known to his servants, and anger to his enemies.”
[66:15] 337 sn Chariots are like a windstorm in their swift movement and in the way that they kick up dust.
[66:15] 338 tn Heb “to cause to return with the rage of his anger, and his battle cry [or “rebuke”] with flames of fire.”
[66:16] 339 tn Heb “flesh” (so KJV, NASB, NRSV); NIV “upon all men”; TEV “all the people of the world.”
[66:16] 340 tn Heb “many are the slain of the Lord.”
[66:17] 341 tn Heb “the ones who consecrate themselves and the ones who purify themselves toward the orchards [or “gardens”] after the one in the midst.” The precise meaning of the statement is unclear, though it is obvious that some form of idolatry is in view.
[66:17] 342 tn Heb “ones who eat the flesh of the pig and the disgusting thing and the mouse.”
[66:17] 343 tn Heb “together they will come to an end.”
[66:18] 344 tc The Hebrew text reads literally “and I, their deeds and their thoughts, am coming.” The syntax here is very problematic, suggesting that the text may have suffered corruption. Some suggest that the words “their deeds and their thoughts” have been displaced from v. 17. This line presents two primary challenges. In the first place, the personal pronoun “I” has no verb after it. Most translations insert “know” for the sake of clarity (NASB, NRSV, NLT, ESV). The NIV has “I, because of their actions and their imaginations…” Since God’s “knowledge” of Israel’s sin occasions judgment, the verb “hate” is an option as well (see above translation). The feminine form of the next verb (בָּאָה, ba’ah) could be understood in one of two ways. One could provide an implied noun “time” (עֵת, ’et) and render the next line “the time is coming/has come” (NASB, ESV). One could also emend the feminine verb to the masculine בָּא (ba’) and have the “I” at the beginning of the line govern this verb as well (for the Lord is speaking here): “I am coming” (cf. NIV, NCV, NRSV, TEV, NLT).
[66:18] 345 tn Heb “and the tongues”; KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV “and tongues.”
[66:19] 346 tn Heb “and I will set a sign among them.” The precise meaning of this statement is unclear. Elsewhere “to set a sign” means “perform a mighty act” (Ps 78:43; Jer 32:20), “make [someone] an object lesson” (Ezek 14:8), and “erect a [literal] standard” (Ps 74:4).
[66:19] 347 tn Some prefer to read “Put” (i.e., Libya).
[66:19] 348 sn That is, Lydia (in Asia Minor).
[66:19] 349 tn Heb “drawers of the bow” (KJV and ASV both similar).
[66:19] 350 sn Javan is generally identified today as Greece (so NIV, NCV, NLT).
[66:19] 351 tn Or “islands” (NIV).
[66:20] 352 tn Heb “brothers” (so NIV); NCV “fellow Israelites.”
[66:20] 353 tn The words “they will bring them” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[66:20] 354 tn The precise meaning of this word is uncertain. Some suggest it refers to “chariots.” See HALOT 498 s.v. *כִּרְכָּרָה.
[66:23] 355 tn Heb “new moon.” The verb that introduces this verse serves as a discourse particle and is untranslated; see note on “in the future” in 2:2.
[66:23] 356 tn Heb “all flesh” (so KJV, ASV, NRSV); NAB, NASB, NIV “all mankind”; NLT “All humanity.”
[66:23] 357 tn Or “bow down before” (NASB).
[66:24] 358 tn Heb “for their worm will not die.”
[66:24] 359 tn Heb “and their fire will not be extinguished.”
[66:24] 360 tn Heb “and they will be an abhorrence to all flesh.”
[66:24] sn This verse depicts a huge mass burial site where the seemingly endless pile of maggot-infested corpses are being burned.
